Network Aware Adaptive Media Streaming in Mobile Cloud

Network Aware Adaptive Media Streaming in Mobile Cloud Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation (Author) line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2-name of organization, acronyms acceptable line 3-City, Country line 4-e-mail address if desired Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author) line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2-name of organization, acronyms acceptable line 3-City, Country line 4-e-mail address if desired Abstract—This electronic document is a â€Å"live† template and already defines the components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] in its style sheet. *CRITICAL: Do Not Use Symbols, Special Characters, or Math in Paper Title or Abstract. (Abstract) Keywords—multimedia streaming; mobile cloud; ranking; QoS I. Introduction In recent years, mobility of computing devices has caught the fascination and attention of many users all over the world. This has led to rapid advancement in mobile technology and now users can easily stream high quality multimedia content like audio and video on the go. A huge limitation to this, however, is the loss of quality that is incurred while transferring the data. Due to the mobile nature of the devices, varying signal strength can lead to packet loss which ultimately leads to the reduction in the quality of service (QoS). In addition, the memory available in mobile devices is relatively low. To overcome these constraints, data is stored and retrieved from a cloud. Cloud computing addresses the QoS related issues and reliability problems. The cloud has a large amount of storage space and computation power. Harnessing the power of the cloud, it will be possible to service the needs of multiple mobile clients simultaneously. Using the cloud, it is possible to allocate resources on demand and reallocate them dynamically. In order to stream data from a cloud to a mobile device, a coding and decoding architecture like H264/SVC is necessary. This architecture is an extension of the H.264/AVC. It ensures that the same quality of video that can be obtained using H.264/MPEG-4 AVC design on the mobile device. It employs spatial scalability and temporal scalability. According to spatial scalability samples of high quality data can be predicted from their decoded low quality counterparts. Using temporal scalability, the entire video is modelled in such a way that the motion is encoded as dependencies so that the picture for subsequent frames need not be encoded directly. In order to boost QoS, a technique called Bayesian-Gaussian method is used to predict the bandwidth available to the mobile user. Once the bandwidth has been predicted, the data is encoded using xuggler transcoding algorithm. To finally stream the video, multipath routing protocols are used and ranks are provided to each node to ensure that none of them have to wait indefinitely to be serviced. Following this, a comparison is made to the existing Bayesian technique proposed by Keshav[1]. II. Related Work A. Mobile Cloud Compuing A mobile cloud computing setup is one in which mobile devices outsource the computational power of the cloud. Data storage and processing are both performed outside the mobile device. B. Streaming Content C. Role of Cache in Real Time Streaming The role of the cache has been outlined by Wu et al[2]. When a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) request is sent by a machine, the cache memory is initially searched. In case a cache miss occurs, the original server services the request. D. Improving Quality of Service A number of different approaches have been proposed in order to ensure that the quality of service is maximized. One such method presented by Wang and Dey[3] uses a technique that varies the complexity of the content depending on the network. Non-essential data in a scene are omitted to accomplish this. Lai et al[4] have also put forth an approach to data streaming that depends on the network. Prediction of the bandwidth is done based on measured historical data. This will help prevent the wastage of bandwidth. It is also noted that the video format to be used is to be chosen. This is performed by a Bayesian prediction module. A third approach is detailed by Thuy An et al[5]. Enhancements are made to the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) in order to provide an overall better experience. The data separated into two categories and compressed. Lossless techniques are used to provide the best possible output. E. Ranking The various approaches mentioned in the previous section discuss improving QoS with respect to one user. But in reality, the cloud is simultaneously accessed by more than just one user. For this reason, it is important to ensure that there is some scheduling mechanism in place that will monitor the incoming requests so that no client request is forced to wait for too long without being serviced. Zhou et al[6] have proposed a novel approach in which all the competing mobile devices work together to minimize congestion. This approach aims to strike a balance between reducing the distortion in data and increasing the performance of the network as a whole. III. Proposed Work The proposed model has two major components: the mobile device and the cloud. The mobile device simply issues the request while the cloud provides a rank, predicts the bandwidth and then streams the video accordingly. The architecture has been outlined in Fig.1. A. Mobile Device The implementation of the mobile portion of the architecture is fairly straight forward. The user is provided with the option to specify the location of the video in the cloud server. Then, the cache is check to see if the requested data is available. If it is, the data is transferred directly from the cache. This type of cached data will be accessible offline as well. In the case where a cache miss occurs, the server is accessed to retrieve the data. B. The Cloud The videos that are to be stream are stored in a separate database. When a request is made, the video is streamed using the cloud. In order to do this, three major modules are implemented in the cloud. In the cloud, the users are ranked and then the bandwidth available is estimated. Finally, xuggler transcoding is used to encode the data and the encoded data is transferred to the mobile device for viewing. Each operation is handled by a different module as show in Fig.2. C. Bandwidth Prediction D. Xuggler Transcoding E. Ranking The ranking module is used to ensure that QoS is improved while transmitting the data. Once the bandwidth has been determined, the data has to be sent in such a way that the congestion in the network is as low as possible. Ranking is done based on the user profile. The user profile contains a history of the user’s downloads as well as the bandwidth measured. Poorly performing nodes in the system are identified using this ranking system and they can be enhanced to improve the overall functioning of the network as a whole. F. Channel Assignment Once ranking is done, multipath routing algorithms are used to transfer the data. Link states are determined and the several feasible paths are selected. Since several paths are selected, the chances of congestion and packet loss are reduced. The most suitable channel for transmission of the data can be determined by solving the linear programming equation Min (1) The process of selecting the best channel is shown in Fig. 3. IV. Output The proposed system has been implemented and its results have been compared with that of the Keshav’s Bayesian technique. It can be seen that the proposed system works better than Keshav’s system consistently. Comparative studies have been undertaken on the basis of bandwidth and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). A. Bandwidth The bandwidth predicted by the proposed system is a lot closer to the actual measured bandwidth than that predicted by Keshav’s system. The graph in Fig.4 clearly shows the deviation of both techniques from the actual measured bandwidth. B. PSNR and Bit Rate The quality of the video streamed can be determined based on the bit rate as well as the PSNR. The proposed system performs better than Keshav’s system on both counts. This is shown in the graph in Fig.5. C. Video Quality The comparative study only shows us how the system works in comparison to Keshav’s existing system. To determine the effectiveness of this system, a detailed study of the video quality was performed and has been summarized in Table 1. Conclusion It is clear from the studies undertaken that the proposed Bayesian-Gaussian technique works well at predicting the bandwidth available. The xuggler transcoding also ensures that quality is preserved. Thus, using a mobile cloud it is possible to stream videos without a loss in quality and also without forcing the user to wait for the video to load. Acknowledgment (Heading 5) The preferred spelling of the word â€Å"acknowledgment† in America is without an â€Å"e† after the â€Å"g.† Avoid the stilted expression â€Å"one of us (R. B. G.) thanks †. Instead, try â€Å"R. B. G. thanks†. Put sponsor acknowledgments in the unnumbered footnote on the first page. References The template will number citations consecutively within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use â€Å"Ref. [3]† or â€Å"reference [3]† except at the beginning of a sentence: â€Å"Reference [3] was the first † Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes. Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names; do not use â€Å"et al.†. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as â€Å"unpublished† [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as â€Å"in press† [5]. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6]. G. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, â€Å"On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,† Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955. (references) J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73. I.S. Jacobs and C.P. Bean, â€Å"Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,† in Magnetism, vol. III, G.T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271-350. K. Elissa, â€Å"Title of paper if known,† unpublished. R. Nicole, â€Å"Title of paper with only first word capitalized,† J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press. Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, â€Å"Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,† IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982]. M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.

A Little Bit Here and There Essay

I have taken 12 years of English in my past. My experience was good, I always felt like English was my strongest subject and I always enjoyed it the most because it gave me the opportunity to express myself with pen and paper. In high school I finished of the year strong graduating doing extra classes such as college writing. I would probably have to say it was my favorite subject because there was nothing I ever disliked. Even till this day I still remember some Shakespeare quotes I had memorized in high school from â€Å"Macbeth†. A major goal I would love to accomplish would be finishing college with a high GPA. I graduated high school in 2008 and have not gone to college because of my work schedule. I’m actually happy that I went through all the trials in my life because now I have so much more respect for school and I understand completely how vital it is to my success. My goal in college is to organize my life in a way that it would help me achieve the best grades as possible in school. I need to discipline myself in ways I never have before. I’m in college now to make a better life for myself and for my family. My major is Psychology; eventually I want to be a high school counselor. I’ve experienced quite a lot of things in my life that a normal teenager shouldn’t have experienced and I feel like I could use it as a testimony to help troubled teens overcome obstacles in high school. My goals for this semester is get all A’s in all my classes and show the world that you can achieve anything if you put 110% of your effort into it. I’m very excited to jump back into school. My goal for this class is to get back in the habit of writing again. I’ve always enjoyed writing a lot because it allows me to drift into my own world with my thoughts. There is no â€Å"ultimate† crisis with the world today because everything is messed up in my opinion. The crisis starts on how we live and our environment. American’s are one of the unhealthiest out of all countries. If we step back and open our eyes to what advertisements show our kids and families we’d be devastated. The sexuality expressed in it alone is wrong. Can you believe that some commercials relay that smoking or wearing a certain perfume will make you sexier? Some things about me that make me unique are: I’m the first to go to college in my family. My parents are both from Uruguay which is a very, very small country that not a lot of people know of. I played piano since the age of 8, first teaching myself then picking up lessons along the way. The title of the text book required for this class is The Little Seagull Handbook by Bullock & Weinberg. The mildest penalty for plagiarism is anywhere from failing the class to academic probation or expulsion. Unintentional plagiarism IS penalized. The final date to withdraw for this term is April 1, 2013. HCCS policy states that a student who is absent more than 12.5% (6 hours) of class may be administratively dropped from the class. If I log into Eagle Online regularly, it counts as being present but if I don’t participate in the weekly activities I risk being dropped. If I am not able to log into Eagle Online I am able to email you on your HCCs email account. The news discussion posting must be 250 words. Each comment on a classmates posting must be at least 100 words. The deadline for the weekly news discussion forum posting is 9 pm Sunday of that week. The Research Proposal is due February 4th. The Informative Essay is due Monday, February 25th. The Journal is due April 15th. The minimum word count for the Informative Essay is 1000-1250 words. Major assignments have to be emailed to the professor and uploaded into turnitin. It is very necessary to do both. I should comment on at least one of my classmates’ research topics with a minimum of 100 words. MLA format is the preferred format when emailing assignments. There is generally NO extra credit. Three documents that I’m required to read during week one are: â€Å"An Introduction to your Professor and your DE class†, â€Å"Myths of DE Classes† and â€Å"Online Etiquette†. Gaudi is one of your favorite architects. I wasn’t very familiar with him so I researched about him and his artwork is beautiful and very intriguing. One of my favorite structures would probably have to be Casa Batllo because of the uniqueness and detail of the building. Amazing. The last city you visited was Lihue in Hawaii. I found this pretty interesting because when I was younger I lived in Maui, Hawaii for about a year or so. I remember the beautiful weather, beaches, and exotic flowers. Your favorite musician is Olafur Arnalds. His music has so much emotion it’s beautiful. Being that I am also a pianist I can definitely appreciate this type of music. I definitely enjoy his music as well!

Fly-by-Night Case

Part A There were many signals shown in the financial statements and other exhibits in the case that represented poor cash flow through Year 14. The most obvious of them all is that the collectability of the accounts receivables was problematic. It seemed as if Fly-by-Night had a good system of collecting their sales on account from year 9 to year 10 as the accounts receivable number decreased during those years. However, the accounts receivable account increased by more than six times through years ten and fourteen.Because of this poor system of collecting accounts receivable, Fly-by-Night’s cash flow would suffer. The same can be said about the inventory account. Because the amount of inventory increased by almost five times through years twelve and fourteen, the cash would continue to decrease at the same rate. Another area of concern that affected Fly-by-Night’s cash flow negatively was their income from continuing operations. All of the companies’ expenses o n its comparative income statement had enormous increases from year 13 to 14.This was the first year that Fly-by-Night recorded a loss from continuing operations and it was a pretty big loss. This suggests that they paid too much to run their business. Some of the ratios presented in the case also suggests a negative flow of cash for year 14. The long term debt ratio dropped from 88% to 0% in year 14, which means that the company paid all of its long-term debt in year 14 and that would have a huge impact on cash flow.The quick ratio also had a major drop from year 12 to year 14, which indicated that the amount of cash and accounts receivable to cover its current liabilities was becoming a problem. Part B I do not believe that FBN can avoid bankruptcy by year 15. In the case, it states â€Å"As of April 30, Year 14, the Company is in default of its debt covenants. It is also in default with respect to covenants underlying its capitalized lease obligations. As a result, lenders have the right to accelerate repayment of their loans. Accordingly, the Company has lassified all of its long-term debt as a current liability. † The way the company is moving, it does not appear that FBN will have enough cash to cover these now current liabilities. The company has to implement new strategies in order to avoid bankruptcy. First of all, there has to be better communication between the members of the board. It says that Mather received a loan authorized by the board for $1,000,000 when later that month the board said it was unaware of this loan and that it never authorized it. Obviously there was fraud occurring when Mather was the CEO.With better oversight by the board, problems such as this could be averted. Also, FBN needs a better system to collect its accounts receivables. As said in Part A, the accounts receivable amount had increased so much in the past 5 years and that negatively affected cash. It is a misnomer that high revenue is the sign of success when re ally it should be how much cash the company has. That is why Mather was confused why there was a problem with cash and the reason was that the company did not pay enough attention to the cash flow statement.

The Deep Horizon Oil Spill Was The Largest Environmental

The Deep Horizon oil spill was the largest environmental disaster the U.S. has ever faced. On April 20th, 2010, the Deep Horizon oil rig had exploded releasing over 134 million gallons of crude oil and over four million pounds of gas into the Gulf of Mexico waters. The oil rig was owned and operated by off shore oil drilling company called Tans-ocean and subleased by a common oil company called BP. The well was located on the sea floor which is 4,993 feet below the surface and it extended over 18,000 feet within the rocks. The explosion was caused by surges of natural gas that had blasted through a concrete core within the Caspian Sea in September 2008. Even though this explosion was two years before the Deep Horizon rig explosion, it†¦show more content†¦Within a book entitled, Conserving The Environment, it is stated that; â€Å"Accidents involving oil tankers and offshore drilling platforms destroy thousands of fish, birds, and marine mammals.† (Woodward, 22) As a consequence, not only are just the fish affected due to the oil and gases but sea birds and mammals are as well. The reason why the oil and gas is affecting the animals so badly is due to the chemical dispersants within them which are known as Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527. These were applied to the oil at the surface to aid break up oil slicks as well as at the wellhead itself.. Stated within an article entitled, Gulf Wildlife In the Aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster Five Years and Counting, there are indications that the dispersants can remain in the environment for years. So the ecosystems will be harmed for not a short period of time but for years and years to come. When it is broken down into subtopics, one will see how fish were affected, birds then mammals and then ultimately how all of them put together as one were affected. A major fish that was affected due to the Great Horizon oil spill would be the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna is one of the largest fish in the Gulf of Mexico, due to it weighing at 550 pounds and being 6.5 feet long. A laboratory study founded that the chemical in the Deepwater Horizon oil canShow MoreRelatedBritish Petroleums Crisis Handling Practice1113 Words   |  5 PagesDeepwater Horizon oilrig1 suffered a devastating explosion that resulted in the death of 11 workers and initiated the largest marine oil spill the world had or has ever seen (Pallardry). This spill also became the largest offshore environmental disaster in United States history (Elliot). 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Why Facebook Is The World s Most Influential Source Of News

Analyse how the composer of this text uses persuasive language and form (WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?) to argue a perspective on the role of Facebook in presenting news. Use evidence form the text to support your answer Facebook is a worldwide acknowledged social media service, that because of its sheer size, it possesses the ultimate power to influence and potentially morph its user’s perspectives, by simply exposing them to biased articles, headlines and even messages, motivating them to act on what they are displayed with. Author, Farhad Manjoo of the deprecatory article ‘Facebook s bias is built in - and worth watching’, expresses his fear of Facebook’s ability to control the news; ‘Facebook is the world’s most influential source of news’.†¦show more content†¦The metaphor in this phrase, bluntly illustrates the author’s perspective on how Facebook has the level of power and respect, like a mother will have over her children, reiterating the service’s capability in morphing the perspectives of its users, by controlling what news is being displayed to them. Hence Manjoo’s perspective on the increasingly dangerous role Fa cebook has when presenting news, as by doing so the service possesses the ultimate power to shape the thoughts of its users. Explain how this text engages audiences in presenting an argument on the impact of context on social media. In the interview conducted primarily by Peter Lloyd, there are numerous techniques used that instantly clutch the audience’s attention and in doing so provide an argument on how one’s context, specifically Donald Trump’s has influenced his use of ‘social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and even Snapchat’. Donald trump, is a billionaire business magnate who uses technology quite heavily in his line of work. Thusly, because of his vocational context, Trump is accustomed to be a user technology, accounting for his paramount use of social media services for the benefit of his political poll positioning; despite his inferior knowledge and experience in Political science; ‘Could Donald Trump actually do this?’ The rhetorical question instantly clutches the audience’s attention, and poses them with the idea that Donald Trump has a

Exploring The Features Of Prostitution And Other Sex Acts

Nowadays, one of the main problems of the global society is related to human trafficking, as the physical and mental consequences of the victims unbalance communities and create chaos in the social layers. Specifically, prostitution considered the most exposed facet of sex trafficking (which also includes pornography, exotic dancing, stripping, live sex shows, mail-order brides, military prostitution, and sexual tourism), is often linked to criminal behavior, including petty crime and drug-related activities. Worldwide, the majority of victims are women and young girls and the most common method of coercion is debt bondage. Degradation of human and women rights and high exposure to illegal practices are the main coordinates of a damaged society. The aim of this paper is to analyze the features of prostitution and other sex acts, in order to capture the main problems, screen the existing evidence, assess policies and design new recommendations for preventing and limiting the actual phenomenon. The disruptive power of trafficking for prostitution is firstly visible in the physical and mental states of women, causing both severe sexually transmitted diseases and mental traumas. In addition, in many cases, the victims experience financial debts, as the owners charge high costs for transportation, fees and other services. Often, the vicious cycle creates the false belief that there is no other way of survival. Structured in four parts, the paper provides insights on the coreShow MoreRelatedIdaho Is Truly Like An Easter Egg Hunt1567 Words   |  7 PagesIdaho is a place for many hidden gems. Anyone who lives here will agree that exploring Idaho is truly like an Easter egg hunt. 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To help prime the later discussion of the individual influences, it would be useful to understand the history from which prostitution emerges and the manner in which the nature ofRead MoreThe Romantic Tale Of Two Star Crossed Lovers1770 Words   |  8 Pagesdesire for sex. In the film, this need is mainly satisfied through prostitution. By exploring both sides of the prostitution dynamic (the prostitute and the client), the motivations for engaging in this business will emerge as unique and different for each side. To help prime the later discussion on the individual influences, it would be useful to understand the history from which prostitution emerges and the manner in which the nature of the work is portrayed in the film. Prostitution is definedRead MoreSex Tourism3418 Words   |  14 PagesGender and the Economy of Sex Tourism In Kenya’s Coast Province Introduction â€Å"Sex tourism requires Third World women to be economically desperate enough to enter into prostitution; once they do so, it becomes difficult to leave. The other side of the equation requires men from affluent societies to imagine that African women are more available and submissive than women in their own countries. Finally, the industry depends on alliance between local governments in search of foreign currencyRead MoreThe Effects of Scientific Racism on Black Women Essay5776 Words   |  24 Pageslanguage to tell about it. -- Alice Walker 1988, 57 In The Color Purple Alice Walker creates the character of Celie, a Black adolescent girl who is sexually abused by her stepfather. 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Managing the Employment Relationship

Question: Describe about the management activities of a food production organization and also discuss the benefits and disadvantages. Answer: Introduction: Road map to the report: In this report, it will discuss about the management activities of a food production organization. Advice to the management of food organization will be given to maintain the partnership with FDAWU. The benefits and disadvantages are also discussed in this paper. A proper suggestion to the management is mentioned in this report. A food manufacturing organization is that where a variety of food or a particular food item are manufactured. A food manufacturing organization has 70 % represented with FDAWU and the food operators are represented by FDAWU. FDAWU is the foundation of food drinks allied workers unit that is fourth largest unit affiliated to national trade union Congress (NTUC) established in Singapore. FDAWU is recognized for the bargaining and shop floor reps are also included in the presentation of their members and grievance process. The partnership between management of the food manufacturing organization and FDAWU will discuss in this report. Background to partnership agreement in the UK: A partnership exists when two or more than people are the owner of a firm or organization. That term of ownership is known as a partnership. Management of food organization has a membership with FDAWU but they want to ignore the role of a trade union. So all the strategy are given below which are very necessary to implement such as food quality, production rate, management and the flexibility between workers. These strategies will be very helpful to gain the profit for the food manufacturing organization. All the effects of partnership agreement such as merits and demerits will explain in this paper (Bishop et al 2013). The characteristics of partnership are given below: An effective partnership is very necessary for any organization. So an agreement of partnership is also very important. An effective partnership is very helpful to improve the management that will help to improve the productivity. It is very helpful to improve the quality of food and to increase the output (Chong 2013). A partnership agreement is also a source to improve the understanding between the partners of the company. If there is a partnership agreement then it is also helpful to implement the essential and effective policy (Lang and Heasman 2015). It ensures an ultimate standard of employment practices. It is also beneficial to create the transparency between the management and the workers. A partnership agreement creates a stream line structure for the staff and the trade union (Cheong 2013). If there is a partnership firm then it is helpful to let the partners contribute their ideas and experience that is very helpful to gain profit. TUC Principles of Partnership: TUC is trade union center established in the United State of America. Trade union partnership is that where the management and the employees of the company work with a mutual understanding to earn the profit and to increase the productivity, this is called TUC. According to TUC, all employees of the company do not take the sick leave very much and they are fully devoted to do their work, this type of partnership called trade union congress partnership. The management of the company and staff work only for the progress of the company to improve the productivity (Newcomb et al 2013). TUC partnership is very good and the management of the company is advised to make the TUC partnership agreement. There are six principles of the TUC: There is a partnership for the success of the enterprise and all the partners are committed to do their job passionately to the growth of the company. There is shared commitment by all the employees and the higher authorities of the company to earn the profit (Congress 2013). It includes a less employee turnover, so the cost of the salary given to an employee is very less. All the employees come to the office daily; they did not the leave so much. TUC partnership is very important to grow the company in less time span as the rate of innovation is high in this type of partnership agreement (Ache and Wood 2016). All the partners conduct a survey program and start the analysis of the market to know about the views of the customers for the product and according to the demand and interest of the customers, they manufacture the product. The management of the company committed for the security of the staff. If there is any incident happens in the company, management took the responsibility for that incident and gives all the expense of the treatment. The management committed to provide the security to every employee. According to the principle of the TUC, higher authorities give the claim money if anything happens to the employees (Congress 2013). The management as well as the employees focuses on the quality of the product. There is a certain time given to the employees to complete the manufacturing process of the product. All work together to manage the working life and to improve the product quality. There is a high devotion of the workers and employees for the growth of the company (Newcomb et al 2014). A friendly environment also leads towards success. So according to TUC principles, there must be a friendly working environment. All the management and the employees works together, a good relation between the management and the employees is very helpful to increase the productivity. So the management of the food organization is advised to work in a friendly environment. Adding value is also a principle of the TUC which is helpful for the success of the company. UK Case Example: TUC is established in UK (United Kingdom). There are about 300 workers who are trying to let work together to all the unions of U.K. So they are using some policies so that all the union of the United Kingdom works together for the better result. TUC partnership is very important for the success of the company. The management of the food organization is advised to combine the responsibilities of their work with the TUC so that the great profit can be earned. The employees of trade union center of UK are using some strategies such as international and national seminar and by representing the workers as the public bodies. They analyze the market and make a survey report with the help of employee ideas and then manufacture the product so that a high rate of profit can be earned. In UK, staff can take the leave up to five paid days at any time in a year. If workers have an emergency then they can take urgent leave. The staff also can apply for the part-time work during the office hours a nd management cannot refuse to give the extra work without any reason. So, this is the UK based example of the TUC (Schlagwein and Bjrn-Andersen 2014). The organizations in UK played a vital role in the relationship between the employees and employers of any industry. A very famous organization, CBI did not participate as collective bargaining role. A collective bargaining role is carried out to lobbying at the national level. According to this, the companies are engaged in joint work and shares a partnership and formulating an employment legislation. Now, CBI is providing a high degree of socialism (Sullivan and Gouldson 2013). Characteristics of Partnership: Partnership in business is when two or more person starts a business in sharing. They share the capital to start the business and they are the owner of the firm according to their shared percentage of capital (Pongrcz 2012). There are characters of the partnership given below: There is a written or oral agreement between the partners to start up a business. Mostly, the agreement is in written. According to the Partnership Act, The relationship between the partners depends on the contract signed by them. It totally depends on how many shares they have in the firm; profit is also divided between them according to their share part (Tailby 2012). The partnership is very good idea to start any business in less capital. It is the way to form the business by less capital. There is sharing of profit depends on the sharing part of the capital. The main purpose of the partnership is to gain the profit. All the partners of the company share the profit and losses accordingly. The partnership must be lawful. The proper laws rules should be followed by the partners before starting a company in the joint venture. There is need of at least two members to start a partnership firm. The minimum number required to set up a partnership firm is two. It is very helpful to earn the profit because all the partners work in proximity with each other and they put their idea and shares experience also that is very helpful to earn the profit. If there is a sole partnership between the partners, then they have the same liabilities. And if they share another partnership then they have business liabilities according to their shares (Vertakova and Plotnikov 2013.). Pros and Cons Advantages and disadvantages There are advantages given of the business union partnership agreement and business partnership: If there is more than one partner then it is easy to establish the business at very less cost. The capital will be more so that the business can be easily established. The employees who are performing well and willing to be a partner of that organization. They will be the further partners of the business (Van Pletzen et al 2014). The income of the union labor is more than the labor who are not involved in any union. Most of the union workers can take benefit more than the nonunion workers. The workers who are not married are also able to take benefit more than the married people. The workers who have joined a union can take the benefit of health insurance. The rate of the health insurance is less given to non-union workers (Evans et al 2012). The disadvantages of the business partnership and business union partnership agreement are given below: There is the main disadvantage of the partnership is the disagreement and the confusion between the partners. The mismatch of the views is the reason for the quarrel between the partners. Another drawback is the taxation law that the partners asked to pay the taxes. They have to return the tax each year that is known as self-assessment tax. The main reason is the profit sharing. The partners share a profit according to their sharing part. This is a reason to break the contract and it may not lead the consistency between the partners. The main demerits are the liability of firm and taxation. Every person of the union has to pay some certain amount every year. In many of the union, there is the requirement of one-time entry fee. There may be some dues that are helpful for the union to pay the salary and to conduct the business of the union. It may be reason of the quarrel between the union leaders and the union workers. There is high chance of the loose of autonomy. So these are the pros and cons of the partnership agreement (Gleeson 2013). Western literature presents the argument that is different from the reality of the life of the people in Singapore. The food organization management is advised that they should not ignore the FDAWU. They can be partner with FDAWU and can improve the productivity rate and quality of the product. If all the workers will work with full devotion, company can grow easily. So the management should start some competitive plan for the worker (Alon et al 2013). There should be some encouragement program to motivate the workers. FDAWU is responsible for the collective bargaining. To reduce the collective bargaining, management should give some extra benefits to the workers so that they did not demand the collective bargaining (Johnson et al 2013). Limitations: Collective bargaining is the main reason or drawback to work in partnership with the FDAWU. But it is the organization for the welfare of workers, there is some limitation. If there are more than two partners of a firm then these problems may happen such as the risk of the assets and the liabilities. Every partner has a number of liabilities of work. The liability of the one partner is not only for the own work done, but every partner needs to pay off for the activities and mistakes of the other partner. If there is loose happen in the business due to the on partner then all the partners have to pay off for that loose. If there is lack of the harmony, then it also may be the reason for the loss (Waring and Lewer 2013). It is very hard to sustain the harmony then there are more than two partners of any organization. There may be dispute between the partners if there is lack of authorities and conflicts in the views. If any of the partners want to withdraw amount then he would not be a ble to withdraw his amount easily. Limited resources in a partnership firm are the main reason of the drawbacks. Partners can be fading up due to the unlimited liability and the workload to manage the company rules and to increase the productivity. Singapore case study Singapores experience cut costs to save jobs: This section includes tripartite agreement concept. The tripartite actions in the relation of the individuals are defined according to the social dialog in Singapore. The main functions of the labor market governance in Singapore are presented by the manpower ministry at the national level and by the Singapore national employers federation (Nair and Paulose H 2014). Less terms and conditions for the employees are set under this Act and also for the frame work of the relationship between employees (Johnstone and Ackers 2014). Manpower ministry is the government department of Singapore. The policies are implemented and coordinated under this federation for the welfare of the workers. All the issues of the workplace are solved by the officers of this government department. The main aim of this organization is to create a global competitive work force of the world. To create a developed society in Singapore and to earn the high rate of profit is the aim of this organization. Ministry of Manpower is also known as MOM. There are some strategies of this organization is given below: To create a workplace where the productivity of the product can be increased easily with the mutual understanding of the staff and the boss. To create the global market competition to compete the other countrys market. To provide the physical security and financial security to all the employees of Singapore. Recommendations for PA Flexible and Competitive Wage System: The management of the food organization is advised to give PA and wages o the employees at the time to increase the productivity. According to the Federal Wage System, the management of the food organization should set its system to pay the salary. The company should cover the appropriate fund and non-appropriate fund for the employees who are being paid according to their working hours. The aim of this system is to the same amount for the employees who are performing the same duties. The wages distribution should be according to their job more than according to their qualification (McCambridge 2014). So in simple words, who are performing same duties should get paid the same salary. There should be implementation of the flexible wages according to the job work of the employees. It is very necessary to create the competition between the employees. Less paid employee will work hard to get more paid. The productivity will also be increased. The management conducts a seminar at time to time to encourage the employees. FDAWU conducts the seminar to encourage the companies to use a flexible and competitive salary system. It is very important so that the competitive working environment can create and the productivity can also be increased. The management of the food organization must give extra funds and benefits for the employees to reduce the complexity and to motivate the workers for extra work. Others Skills Redevelopment Program: There are many countries which encounter the structural unemployment due the economic progress outcome. Singapore is one of them to structure the unemployment. Only time cannot solve the problem. There is need to elaborate with this problem. When some workers will reach to the retirement, this problem can be solved then. But it is not the solution for the unemployment problem. So there must be skilled redevelopment program to structure the unemployment. Much other process should start to increase the job vacancy so that there would be growth in economy of the company as well as the country. Implications for Management and Unions / Employees The implications included in the human resource management remains in the source of controversy. This includes the participations of the workers, and the strategies of the management approaches. In other approaches the implication may include the supplement or prevention of the activities which are independent to the organization of the workers. As the human resource management is referred to the tool for the employees of the management field (Voon 2013). The implications majorly includes: 1) employment growth- it determines the growth of the employment. 2) Workplace closures- it includes the participation of the employees of the workplaces. 3) Scopes of bargaining- explaining the bargaining agendas of the employees. 4) Levels of payment- in represent different types of union pay levels and the recent pay scales of settlements. The recent legislation provides for the trade union corresponds to certain circumstances. Most of the implications work for resolving the problems which shows huge effects on the employees. The implementation also includes the impact of the growth of the workers and the staff levels. As a result this has a direct effect on the sector of the welfare of the employees and the lower level of the staffs. The rate of growth of the employment this sector has gone under negotiations. Conclusion: In this paper, all the facts of the work union discussed above. There are many advantage of the union so management is advised not to ignore the FDAWU and work with the union. It is very helpful to earn the profit and to improve the productivity rate. FDAWU responds how to increase the flexibility and the quality for work life and the productivity. There is the drawback and advantages of the partnership with the FDAWU are given above in the discussion. All the facts about the partnership with the FDAWU are given in this report. It will be very helpful for the management to take the decision whether to ignore the FDAWU or to work with the FDAWU. 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