Marriage Under 18 Years Old

â€Å"She may do nothing against God’s will, but many things she must against her own will if her husband require her. † Population council said more than 51 million girls younger than 18 are already married in 2003. In the world teenagers are making a family when they are so young. God created and created family to feel happiness, rest and peace. Marriage was not men idea, only God’s idea. So God thought â€Å"To provide a helpful mate for Adam, it was not good that man should be alone. † Marriage is a very blessing by God to men. But many people don’t worry about importance of marriage. May be some of these couple will have difficulties. But some people strongly agree that teenagers are able to marriage by their decisions. God always gave people choice about marriage. In the world teenagers became immoral. They get much information which they don’t need from TV, internet, friends and many things. People usually learn and practice that information. Teens are usually not prepared for marriage, spiritually, mentally and physically. Maybe only handful can be. Before marriage especially man must be grown enough by his spiritual life more than physically. God created man to lead his family, not woman. So man must be responsible with everything. Some man became adult but he is baby by his spiritual life. This guy never can be good husband. Because the marriage is not only sex or playing a game. In other word teenagers are young and if they are not prepared for spiritual they will have so many difficulties. In real life many teenagers are not outgrown and irresponsible. So if they are married at time they must continuing school it would be barrier for them. Therefore early married is reason of problems will come one by one because of they couldn’t get education. For instance: The biggest problem is exactly going to face with financial problems. Especially in Mongolia, it is not easy to get good job with high salaries if they are not educated. Young couple’s one of the most important problem is children. One of ways for the young couples to overcome their financial difficulties is that they both have well jobs and that they participate in making the family budget. In case, at that time they have a child that would be hard for them. So men’s obligation will grow. Women needs care more than before when they are being at gestation. If they are face with unwanted pregnancy, all of the young couples decide to do abortion or adopt their children. Reasons for divorce are formed because they didn’t learn how to deal with different problems. Their tension problems get to divorce with bad results. For example: Children orphan hood, couples hurt, wasting times, using drugs and alcohols etc. After that they will remarried with someone and divorce again. That will make them unhappy, unfaithful feelings and they begin to refuse themselves. Even though younger couples surely face with many problems, there are advantages. For example: When younger couples got adult age their children will be grown already. It makes them spend royalty times rest of their life. So they took already big experiences from life and passed away worries. Teen couples probably figure that because they feel like they are in love, they should take that extra step. In my opinion parents have to be responsible for their children when they are teenager. Because if children will make one mistake in the future result may be not a good. When I will be father if my son or daughter is ready to marriage I could agree him or she. But they have to be older than twenty. Under eighteen years old means they are still in authority of their parents. They should imitate their parents about how they understand, support, love, care of each other. If they could learn from their parents they might be well. Finally teenagers must to prepare for their future by their spiritual life, education, mental and physically.

Traditions and Beliefs

A  tradition  is a practice, custom, or  story  that is memorized and passed down from generation to generation, originally without the need for a  writing system. Traditions are often presumed to be  ancient, unalterable, and deeply important, though they may sometimes be much less â€Å"natural† than is presumed. Some traditions were deliberately invented for one reason or another, often to highlight or enhance the importance of a certain institution. Traditions may also be changed to suit the needs of the day, and the changes can become accepted as a part of the ancient tradition. Folk Beliefs, otherwise known as â€Å"Superstitious Beliefs†, forms part of a people's value systems and culture. They basically reflect the customs, traditions, and mores of a group, which has been based on religious beliefs, opinions, or popular old practices. Also they tell of how a people view the unknown and the Means to appease the gods that control the future. Filipinos still adhere to numerous widely-held folk beliefs that have no scientific or logical basis but maybe backed-up by some past experiences (yet can be dismissed as mere coincidence). Some are still practiced to this day primarily because of ‘there's nothing to lose if we comply' attitude while the others are totally ignored for it seemed downright ridiculous. A number of Filipinos have Folk Beliefs about life, family, luck, wealth, etc. Some of which were presented by the four groups last Monday, April 26, 2010. I have noticed that almost all groups presented folk beliefs about courtship and marriage. Courtship is one that is still being practiced among the strictest of the Filipino families. This is performed by the male (who is the suitor since it is wrong to do it the opposite way) visiting the home of the female. In the olden days, courtship doesn't start until the male suitor had obtained permission from the parents. This was done with the male suitor being accompanied by another respectable elder and approaching either the father or the mother of the female and obtaining permissions days in advanced to visit at a particular day and time. Nowadays this form of getting the parent's permission is still being practiced in the provinces, however, due to western influences, there are ome variations more adaptable to the modern times. One alternative is to make a phone call, asking for the parents' or guardian's permission through an elder to schedule a visit. Another way is for the suitor to approach the parents in a public place, and informally asking for permission to visit. Either way, it is to show proper respect to ask for permission prior to the formal visit. Proper ly greeting the parents by placing the back of the right hand of the parents to the suitor's forehead is practiced to show respect. This is called pagmamano in Tagalog. When the permission has been granted, the suitor whether accompanied by a friend or an elder will visit the girl's home and offers gifts. Gift bags or boxes of goodies or Filipino snacks purchased from a local store and flowers are generally given. The snacks or other goods are offered to the family of the girl then the flowers and special sweets (like chocolate or candies) are given to the girl. In a strict Filipino home, during courtship, the parents are present during the first visit. This is the opportunity to get to know each other. This is sometimes called courting the parents first and winning their hearts and approval then letting the boy or suitor court the girl. Subsequent visits are then scheduled if all went well during the first visit and, depending on how long the courtship will last; the answer is given by the girl with the parents' knowledge as well. After the courtship stage and the girl decides that she also would like to take the suitor's offer of love and commitment, then the girl will give the favorable answer to the suitor. At times it takes months before the answer is given. In the olden days, strict parents would sometimes give a series of tests, having the suitor do some chores like fetching some water from the well, cutting firewood to be used for cooking dinner, helping the father of the girl do some yard or farm work. Nowadays, a more modern approach is being performed by the suitor whereby he offers gentlemanly help to the parents, sometimes carrying groceries as he sees them walking down the streets, offering them a ride if he happens to be driving their way, doing other favors that can help win their favor and better his chances of getting the girl's love as well. After the girl announces to the parents that she is ready to be engaged the parents would be around to congratulate the suitor. From then on, the suitor is treated like a member of the family. Sometimes, even before marriage, the suitor is introduced to the friends and relatives of the girl's immediate family as future part of the family or future son-in-law. Engagements may take longer than a year, and then the date shall be set for marriage. During the waiting period they are free to go on dates, at times with a chaperone. Nowadays, after the first few chaperoned dates they can date on their own, especially those who live in the cities where it is not as strict as in the rural areas of the country. When the two decides that they are ready to get married, then the pamamanhikan (official request of the male and his parents or guardians for the girl's hand in marriage) begins. This is usually done in the evening after dinner. Then, if the parents of the girl agree, they will give them their blessings and set the date of the wedding. The engagement sometimes last from several months to a couple of years due to extensive preparations. The majority of Filipino weddings are now Catholic weddings, but some native traditions remain. Most have special â€Å"sponsors† who act as witnesses to the marriage. The principal sponsors could be godparents, counselors, a favorite uncle and aunt, even a parent. Secondary sponsors handle special parts of the ceremony, such as the candle, cord and veil ceremonies. Candle sponsors light two candles, which the bride and groom use to light a single candle to symbolize the joining of the two families and to invoke the light of Christ in their married life. Veil sponsors place a white veil over the bride's head and the groom's shoulders, a symbol of two people clothed as one. Cord sponsors drape the yugal (a decorative silk cord) in a figure-eight shape–to symbolize everlasting fidelity–over the shoulders of the bride and groom. The groom gives the bride 13 coins, or arrhae, blessed by the priest, as a sign of his dedication to his wife's well-being and the welfare of their future children. The four groups, as far as I can remember, presented more beliefs and traditions about death, marriage, life and luck. These were: †¢ The table should not be cleared while an unmarried woman is still eating because she might end up an old maid. †¢ Do not sweep your floor at night or else you are sweeping your luck out of the house. †¢ If one cuts his fingernails at night, a member of the family will die. †¢ One must not organize teams of 3 or 13, otherwise one member will die. †¢ Eating Pancit on their birthday will enable them to live longer. †¢ The use of the word â€Å"Po† or â€Å"Opo† means â€Å"Yes† in a very polite manner. It is usually said by a young person to an elder. Holding a family reunion to celebrate a birthday in the family, fiestas, for Christmas or New Year's Celebration. †¢ One must be able to have â€Å"handa† during feast days. The first belief tells me that when you clear the table while an unmarried woman is still eating, that woman will stay single all her life. I still don’t believe in such belief because I have met and seen single women getting married even if this clearing of tables while they ate happened to them. This is also my very first time to hear such belief. The second belief is one I heard when I was still very young. I was at my grandfather’s house at Negros Oriental one summer. One night, there housemaid swept the floor and was scolded by my grandfather’s sister for doing such act. I wondered why and so I asked my parents about it. They, too, didn’t know why sweeping floors during night was not allowed. Now, I know why. I still don’t believe in such belief although luck in that house has gone in and out. I believe it’s just coincidental when someone sweeps during the night and then you become very unlucky in the future. The third belief is somehow coincidental for me when you cut your fingernails and someone in your family dies. I have also tried a lot of times already cutting my nails at night and I have also tried losing a member of my family already but I don’t think it was because of what I did. I don’t see any connection between cutting fingernails during the night and death. With the fourth belief, I have heard this since I was in my grade school years. I still hear such until now. I usually go around with two of my very close friends. We always take pictures of ourselves yet not one of us has died, fortunately. I was told that whoever is in the middle will die first. It sounds pretty scary at first especially when I was still very young and innocent. However, as I grew up and hear such, it becomes lame to me and somehow funny because I have had lots of experience already with having two friends with me. The group presented this by three people who was about to take a picture of themselves and then their friend told them they shouldn’t be three otherwise the one in the middle will die. And so they invited more people to join them so they wouldn’t be three. The fifth belief tells me that eating Pancit will make your life longer. I always hear such especially during festivities and celebrations. On birthday celebrations, there is always pancit on the table because it is said that this will make you live longer on earth. They always say â€Å"pansit, pampahaba ng buhay†. I’m pretty sure it is such because pancit is long. We don’t usually practice such tradition in our family. The sixth belief shows respect to the older people when you say Opo or Po. It is our tradition to say such. We also â€Å"mano† or kiss the right hand of an older person when we greet them. Actually, you don't really kiss that hand. You just bow a bit, and gently take the older person's right hand with your right hand, and move it towards your own forehead. Sometimes, it's the back of their hand that touches your forehead. In our family, we practice such tradition as a sign of respect. When we got to our province in Negros and get to meet with the very many relatives of ours, we â€Å"mano† every older relative. Other relatives of ours especially my aunts and uncles who are in their late 20’s and early 30’s wont let us â€Å"mano† them because they don’t want to be â€Å"old†. The seventh and eight traditions have been practiced for years by almost all Filipinos. These happenings bring family members together especially those who are living away or are working in different places and rarely have the chance or time to come home. The presence of family visitors and reuniting members delight the other members of the family, aside from stories and gossips to tell. And, if a visitor is a foreigner or a relative who comes from abroad, the family is very proud especially when the neighbors are around, and offers everything just to please the visitor. Once the visitor is gone, the family will either praise or mock the visitor. It’s mostly not the presence but the presents. We always celebrate feast days by having handa and inviting people to eat inside the house. In our family, we do the same during our village’s fiesta. We invite friends, relatives and neighbors to dine and celebrate with us. Such tradition brings families and friends closer and patches up the times you missed together. With the very many traditions and beliefs of the Filipinos, I can say we only practice a few. Our family is not the type who believes in such beliefs. We only practice those traditions that are very common like celebrating festivities and occasions and giving of gifts during special days. I don’t believe in these beliefs because they sound ridiculous for me but I respect them and the people who believe in them. We were not raised believing in folk beliefs because they are mere stories and doesn’t have any connection with the real world. Sometimes, I wonder why people have made so many beliefs. Is it their way of scaring people especially beliefs about death and misfortune? I believe it is only you who can bring luck to yourself and it is not harmful to believe and practice such beliefs and traditions. I just learned that folk beliefs are not real and not practical and one’s life must not always work around with beliefs.

Barton Case Study Essay

After analyzing the case, the theories and concepts that relate are: 1. 1 Evidence-Based Management (EBM) theory uses the best available evidence for making managerial decisions. The basic problem that Karen Barton faces with Dave Palmer is that he focused only on the reports that contained mostly qualitative benefits from the programs and did not contain much quantitative benefits and accordingly made his decision of cutting the budget. Whereas Organizational Behavior (OB) states that a manager should use all the three approaches of intuition, faddism and systematic study together. It states the use of evidence to inform the intuition and experience. 1. 2 Dave palmer also faces Overconfidence and Availability Bias, as he believed too much in his ability to make good decision when it was outside of his own expertise. As he was convinced after the telephonic conversation with Barton that there was nothing more left to discuss even though the last-and the-only executive education program he attended was ages ago in 1980. He even emphasized on information that was most readily at hand and ignored the fact that in-house program if introduced, could reinforce Stockton’s three-pronged agenda and it would smoothen the integration process. 1. 3 Equity theory explains that employees indulge into comparisons of the ratios of their own outcomes and efforts with those of others to check whether they are treated more or less favorably. Similarly in the case Karen compared her executive education budget cut by more than 75% to training for lower-level employees by only 10% which made her feel under-compensated and less favorable and secondly when Freita pointed out that he had to demonstrate the bottom line impact for every budget cycle Karen pointed out that If he could spend money on equipment maintenance, modification and improvement, Why couldn’t she do the same for people. This inequity motivated her to attain her goal. 1. 4 â€Å"Adjustment function† of attitudes enables a person to bend according to a new situation and to conclude how to act in future so as to attain benefits from such situations in future. In the case we see Karen was disappointed, judgmental and aggressive initially but later on her attitude changed towards the situation and she started to be more practical and relaxed in her approach, as it was critical for her to get the best out of the case that she would put forward in front of Palmer. 1. 5 Attribution Theory in social perception is when we see others behavior we want to understand why people behave the way they do. Karen similarly wanted to understand how Palmer’s mind worked and so she scanned through Palmer’s bio to decide on how she should make her case to get him on her side so that he approves it. 2. HOW SHOULD BARTON MAKE HER CASE FOR EXECUTIVE EDUCATION? From Barton’s chat with Freitas and Palmer we can infer that palmer is a clear-headed person who believes in performance and evidence. We also get an idea from her conversation with Freitas that her ambitious budget may create an interdepartmental rivalry within the firm. Keeping all these points in mind Barton requires a presentation that demonstrates both the qualitative as well as quantitative advantages of the executive education program and answers why does Zendal need these programs the most when the firm is dealing with recession and a merger. Firstly she will have to convince Palmer that the executive education programs have come a long way since 1980’s and that the executive education programs are not the same that they used to be when he attended them. She may cite the example of Dreyer’s Grand Ice cream firm. This will obviously not convince her boss, but will help her in getting the needed attention and seriousness from Dave Palmer’s part. She should start her case by showing Palmer the studies that clearly demonstrate a link between executive education, performance in management and shareholders value. She must tie up executive education programs with the business drivers of the firm and explain how the programs will help the firm in achieving them fast. Then she should talk to Palmer about the kind of leaders he wants in his organization. ‘Are the leaders of Zendal better than its competitors? What is unique about Zendal’s leaders? The aim of this would be to try to make Palmer realize how an in house executive education program will help Zendal in creating leaders that are different and better than its competitors. Also, the managers of the firm need to formulate fresh strategies to deal with recession and since a new firm has been acquired, the new executives should be made familiar with the existing culture of Zendal as they may find it hard to adjust according to their culture, which would ultimately lead to an inefficient performance from their part. Both these problems can be solved with a single stroke of an in-house executive education program. She must also state in her meeting that the employees who would attend these programs will be closely monitored and it will be made sure that they use the acquired knowledge. For the quantitative part she may follow the following framework to calculate ROI, on which Dave Palmer has been insisting upon. Investment * Tuition * Salary * Cost of not being able to be not be on the job Add all these up and we will get total cost (per participant) Return * NPV of improved capability in 2 years * NPV of improved team skill in 2 years * NPV of improved ability to make judgment in 2 years. Add all these up and we will get total financial results of the project But to employ this type of framework, the project must be first approved. For the time being she can show him all the satisfaction reports that she has been getting filled from employees who attend a program and explain how she is careful about the company’s funds and discourages employees from attending programs that have been rated â€Å"poor† or â€Å"Below average† three times in a row. Lastly to get her funds approved she needs to assure Palmer that there will be no inter departmental rivalry within the organization due to release of huge funds from the upper management. For that, her HR unit must go and talk to each of the departmental heads and understand their problems and design the education program according to their needs. This will help in two ways, firstly this approach will not generalize the program and serve the firm better by being precise and secondly the conversation with departmental heads will make the heads understand that spending of this huge amount is for the good of their own departments, Thus also solving the problem of interdepartmental rivalry. 3. REFLECTION UPON OUR EXPERIENCES OF WORKING IN A GROUP: Working with this group was an enriching learning experience for all the group members. It brought some difficulty and stress, because group members had different views on the case study but with the help of discussions and mutual understanding we decided which view to go with for the report. This was also an advantage of working in a group since we got to know many diverse opinions. The group went through the various stages of formation of a group. In the ‘Form’ stage of the group, the members were Aarti Sharma, Arjun Kumar, Pallav Goel, Sakshi Dixit, Vishal Chaudhary, Vipul and Yamini Arora. During the ‘Storm’ stage, the entire process of working in our group was very systematic in order to avoid any chaos. For the commencement, Aarti called for a group meeting to discuss about the assignment and bring the group together. She invited all members by sending mails. It was then decided that each member would read the case study and analyze the problems of the case study. Sakshi gave the print outs to each group member three days before the group meeting. In the ‘Norm’ stage, the group meeting was held and each member shared their views on the case study, key points were figured out and accordingly work was divided among the members. The task of putting together the entire project was assigned to Pallav. The group then ‘performed’ their assigned duties and in the ‘adjourn’ stage, since this group was created for a one-time task, the group was then dispersed. The whole group describes: * Aarti as an enthusiastic, dedicated and encouraging group member. She was good at analyzing the problems, performed writing and made us work as a whole group together. * Arjun was serious towards the case study and gave every possible contribution to the assignment on his part. * Pallav as proficient and hardworking. He devoted all the required time for the project and helped to bring together the entire project. * Sakshi as a reliable group member who timely completed the assigned tasks and played a role in communication with various non-boarding group members. * Yamini as an active participant in the group meetings and played an important part in analyzing various OB theories and concepts. She also took part in writing the project. * Vipul as a responsible team member as in spite of being unwell, he was in contact with the group throughout and put in his share of work and participated whole heartedly. * Vishal was a part of analyzing the case. The group decided to not elect a leader but selected a coordinator in order to pass information to all group members. Each of us displayed leadership qualities in the group at various times. We influenced each other’s behavior, actions and encouraged each other to dedicate time on the assignment. . Each group member was committed to the group and made contributions according to his/her potential. All inclusive, It was a satisfying experience of working with this group because we worked as a team with planning and learnt to work without any personal prejudices. REFERENCES: * Kesner, I, Burnett, S, Morrison, M, Tichy, N, & Ownes, D 2003, ‘Leadership Development: Perk or Priority? ‘, Harvard Business Review, 81, 5, pp. 29-38, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 October 2012. * Bolt, JF 1993, ‘Ten Years of Change in Executive Education’, Training & Development, 47, 8, p. 43, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 October 2012. * Traindis, H. C. (1971),Attitudes and Attitude Change,John Wiley and Sons. * Eagly,A. ,and Chaiken,S. (1993),Psychology of Attitudes,NY,Harcourt and Brace Jovanovich.

Hong Kong's Disneyland and Ocean Park Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hong Kong's Disneyland and Ocean Park - Essay Example Walt Disney mainly focuses its activities on fantasy by producing movies and owning intellectual properties. However, there is an uncertainty that its customers may change their tastes to demand more of products and services that focus on nature and reality. This will see the company record a sharp drop in its attendance, revenues and profits. The Hong Kong economy has been stable because of its dependence on high property prices. A drop in the prices of prices would result in the economy experiencing a recess. Many people will be unemployed hence they will not afford money for leisure and entertainment. There will be low attendance and the firm may be forced to reduce ticket prices in order to attract customers. This will increase the cost of borrowing for the company hence limit the capital outlay for investment. This is majorly because the company depends on borrowing to supplement its capital for investments. Lobby groups include environmentalists and labor organizations. The activities of such groups against Walt Disney may result in negative publicity for the business. This is because lobby groups may incite the public against visiting facilities owned by Walt Disney for a number of reasons. One of the reasons for the campaigns may be the violation of the laws of the environment. The overall effect of such activities is a reduction in the level of attendance. Walt Disney is planning to make a new entrance into the Hong Kong market. Customers may be reluctant to respond to the new products introduced by Disney hence leading to low attendances and losses for the business. Ocean Park was having a problem with its brand and logo. The problem was that its brand image was very poor and could not attract customers to its businesses. This is attributed to the fact that the firm had an unattractive brand logo that had a very low visibility and weak association to the park.  

Brand Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Brand Marketing - Essay Example According to the report findings a mass-market product has little differentiation, and is often marketed as a generic, low cost alternative. Of course, no marketing would exist without two driving forces to sustain it. These forces are the consumer and the competition. The consumer can be generally placed into two categories, a hedonic or utilitarian purchaser. Competition is based solely on brand ownership and product differentiation as they are marketed towards the customer. As the paper declares consumer’s can be identified as hedonic and utilitarian. This is an important concept of product and brand marketing, because consumers perceptions of a purchase based on their personal desire to fulfill a need or fulfill a self-indulgence has a strong bearing on why there are different types of products. To better understand the branding of products as prestige, masstige, or mass-market, a short background of the average customer is presented here. The traditional concepts of cost and benefit values are perceived as having characteristics of exclusively product and price, the standard economics of supply and demand where the consumers experience is exclusively based on the products quality and price evaluations to control consumption choices and demands, and yet this does not define the reasoning of consumers emotional connections, where "A fourth definition equates value with an overall assessment of subjective worth considering all relevant evaluative criteria" (Babin and Darden p 645 1994), in a sense the overall assessment is the consumers emotional constructs, the sociological and psychological desire to feel rewarded in more than the physical sense of achievement. Babin and Darden analyze that shopping has both utilitarian and hedonic traits, where a methodology only encompasses the consumable and its dimensional and monetary values lacks the ability to fully measure the shoppers' experience, a concept expressed as having importance in other research, although "Far less research has been conducted to examine whether contrast effects occur among hedonic experiences (i.e., experiences of pleasure or pain)" (Novemsky and

1.To what extent do you agree that globalisation has undermined the Essay

1.To what extent do you agree that globalisation has undermined the power of the nation state Give evidence to support your argument - Essay Example se of other countries whereby they hold mutual interests but this has far changed since the affairs of the world have been interrelated in a manner whereby multiple states have common interests on particular issues. To maintain order in the operations of individual states, a new level of rules has been formulated differently from the ones that have jurisdiction within the boundaries of different countries (Hamilton, 2015). For instance, each country has its economic policies and the manner that it governs its domestic and international trade relations. However, with the increased need for expansion into the global market firms are now competing with on the global platform and thus much of the regulatory frameworks that are set out by their native countries will fail to control the operations at the international arena due to the disjoint that might arise from the different policies that are applied by various nations. It is from this premise that a new set of international regulation s are set to control how firms from different countries relate or rather conduct business with each other universally (Okpara, 2008). In that light, globalisation tends to undermine the power that nation states initially held in that for example in the economic perspective a firm has to subscribe to international policies on top of the policies of its native country for it to conduct operations effectively in the international arena. In some instances, the foreign policies override or rather collide with policies of individual countries but the former supersedes the latter since the interests of the world are more than those of individual nations. In such situations the autonomy and power of nation states is substantially undermined since the objective of statehood of coming up with policies that protects its interests seems to be overridden by global concern (Homann, Koslowski, & Luetge, 2007). Notably, the extent to which this system works depends on the superiority of the nations in

The Assessment and Prevention of Patient Bed Sores Essay

The Assessment and Prevention of Patient Bed Sores - Essay Example These ideas have been included in this research as well as how they are critically assessed. The idea of preventing bed sores is the main theme found within these pages, and there are a myriad of ways one can go about protecting a patient from acquiring these adverse sores. In conclusion the body of this literature reached it's finality by emphasizing how imperative it is to have good nursing care with preventive procedures that help the patient with adversities such as bedsores. The reason this was found to be conclusive was so that it could be ensured the final outcome for the patient could be expected to be a positive one. Bed sores happen to be a very serious complication in patient care. It is readily hard to believe that what is termed a simple bed sore or "pressure sore" can lead to a patient's death but yet, it very well can if a form of proper interventive care and assessments are not carried out right away. This point can be validated in the research done on bed sores through the Mayo Clinic of Health (2005). There is familiarity with the actor Christopher Reeve's but little is known as to his cause of death which ultimately was found to be a bed sore that had developed and gradually proceeded to get progressively worse due to his quadriplegic state. This idea is brought in to this literature in order to give a full and cohesive account as to how severe bed sores or ulcerations of the skin can actually be to the patients' health. Bedsores can progress rather rapidly and cause many complications in the realm of quality patient care but what is found is that they do not have to take place at all. A huge amount of research has been carried out by many experts in health care and it has shown that ulcer injury is a highly significant problem in caring for patients. However, following the preventive care guidelines that are found in various clinical care settings can effectively assist nurses in providing critical care for patients who are more apse to acquire these ulcerations (Lewis et al 2003). Nurses simple have to implement the correct regular assessments of patients and introduce the most efficient preventive measures to reduce these types of patient adversities. Within the country of Australia there is a definite problem with this type of healthcare complication which this literature is essentially pointing out. It is estimated that the preventive care alone is tallying in at $350 million dollars per year, which stresses the significance of the problem and introduces the probability that there needs to be a more definitive means of ensuring less occurrences of these types of ailments in patient care (Lewis et al 2003). Because pressure ulcers normally form on parts of the body that lie immobile and are constantly under the body weight of the patient, the preventive care is far more complicated. Furthermore, another problem that nurses face in preventive treatment of ulcers is the fact that many of these treatment regimens have not been found to be a surefire way of prevention and have even been known to exacerbate the problem far more than what it initially started as (Lewis et al

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Education - Essay Example An official curriculum is a written guide from the learner’s perspective clearly describing a designed plan to make both teaching and learning more effective. In education, an official curriculum provides a basis for accountability; it is a framework outlining the specific procedure and plan to be used in the teaching of the content. As a student, you will often notice that different courses have different instructions and resources that can be used to achieve the course objectives that not only state what is expected of the student, but also what is expected of the teacher. Operational curriculum is defined as what is taught by the teacher and how it is communicated (Posner, 2003). An operational curriculum states what students are required to learn in a specific subject, and the knowledge and skills they are to acquire from a particular subject. Operational curriculum helps to gauge how well a student understands the content by relating what is taught in class and the specif ic learning outcomes for the student. For example, the instructional content of mathematics is taught and communicated differently at different grades to ensure the concepts like multiplication and addition are understood proficiently. The hidden curriculum includes the norms and values of the surrounding society (Posner, 2003). The community most often demands that a school curriculum should be able to promote the right values, and as much as the school educational curriculum may be perceived suitable for children in terms of promoting such values, children might be vulnerable to few elements within the society which might pervert the educational process. For this reason, the hidden curriculum... This paper approves that an official curriculum provides a basis for accountability; it is a framework outlining the specific procedure and plan to be used in the teaching of the content. As a student, you will often notice that different courses have different instructions and resources that can be used to achieve the course objectives that not only state what is expected of the student, but also what is expected of the teacher. This paper makes a conclusion that the structure of the disciplines that has been promoted by Jerrold Zacharias, a scientist who for a long time had been attempting to improve the physics curriculum and saw this perspective as an avenue for incorporating modern physics into it. He is of the opinion of teaching only the most fundamental concepts and at the same time teaching students how to derive the rest of the knowledge from the same concept; and in the process of learning a lot of things can be applied practically and less of theory which will just remain in the mind. The Cognitive Perspective has its promoters in science such as Piaget who spent a lot of time trying to understand how children’s minds work and how different their thinking was from that of adults and how it was that they got to â€Å"learn† things that were abstract in nature. He shows how children need to be ready for the cognitive learning process to take place. Behavioral Perspective has been promoted by Edward Thorndike, the founder of behavioral psychology. He provided the necessary scientific theory for behavior through his works on behavioral objectives, in Arithmetic he was able to contribute greatly into the creation of a behavioral curriculum.

Managemnent psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managemnent psychology - Essay Example He further asserts that management psychology focus is basically on individuals and groups. In this particular issue, character is often used to define an individual’s personality. Personality can be attributed to individuality in the context of one’s internal states that manifests in the form of feelings and thoughts. It is also related to the attributions that cause an individual to behave in a certain manner, as well as, the ‘experienced stable core’ of an individual. In addition, it also entails how an individual interacts with other people in a social set up. There are tests and surveys in psychology that conceptualizes and classifies some aspects of workers’ selves. The sole purpose of these tests/surveys is to predict behavior, emotions and attitudes of employees and to provide a platform for their management (Alvesson & Willmott, 1996). Evidently, personality can be viewed in terms of ideologies, interaction, and context in question. In the 20th century, psychology surfaced as a tool and technique in the managerial skills. It was characterized by rationality in governance in terms of logics; increased means utilization throug h instrumental focus; and focus on work design, as well as, the organization. The traditional forms of authority where leadership was determined by social status and class were replaced. People began perceiving management as a form of profession. The impact of this phenomenon was that since it was viewed as a distinct occupation, the notion of competence was embedded into management. Individual knowledge-based was embraced in the context of economics, ergonomics, studies on time and motion, and industrial psychology (Thompson & Ackroyd, 1995). This contributed to the guidelines for roles in supervision which later incorporated social abilities. The supervisory mandates included literacy, technical skills, analytical, and numeracy skills. Feelings as an aspects that define

City bank Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

City bank - Research Paper Example Despite business operations having an immense impact on the global economy, the economy as well can be said to have impacted on the businesses hence a two way affair. The global economy is surrounded by political, economic and social forces that must be highlighted in the bid to describe how the Bank’s business has influenced the economy (Starrett 2009). The free operation environments that have been advanced, environment that capital is freely movable and barriers to trade have also been eliminated hence free flow of finances. As a result of business operations and wellness in coordination, the global scene has realized a massive growth for businesses to become multinational corporations. Inventions and innovations as a result of idea generations globally have created a lot of new commodities. Moreover, management efficiency of the Bank due to businesses being in a position to attract highly qualified staff from every corner of the universe and in bulk. Labor cost in the global economy have also since reduced due to the unlimited supply of the labor itself as well as its mobility has made it easily accessible and readily available for most business ventures and the question which remains is its affordability. International political decisions, otherwise called foreign policies are highly dictated largely by world economic power houses. This power is achieved depending on the control that such countries posses in the world business arena, the US where the bank originates commands the bigger share of the world economy. In the past countries have been witnessed to collude and come together on the basis of their GDP. The so called G8 or G10 of the current is composed by the world economic forces and they influence all the decisions undertaken upon the surface of the earth. Such decisions are normally geared to only favor the bank and their operations (Starrett 2009). International wars and crimes have normally been propagated due to the fight of supremacy

Effects of Social Media Essay Example for Free

Effects of Social Media Essay Cattail Hare come 107 Mr.. August Positive and Negative Effects of Social Media Social media is everywhere. Every day, thousands of people are logging on to social networking websites People talk the social media slang without even knowing it these days. Our world revolves around Backbone, Twitter and other social media sites. Like every coin has two sides even this has Its own pros and cons. One thing that users may not realize Is the effect that social media Is having on society There are some positive effects of social networking. Some social networking sites are used a way to display ones creativity. Twitter allows users to customize their colors and change the background. Blobbing websites have made it easy for a user to post customizable blobs and choose the things they want shared. The biggest networking site, Backbone. Allows a user to post a picture of their choice to the top of their profile. Besides what users are customizing, the site also serves as a form of self expression. A user might notice that one person posts quotes, while one always posts funny things, some may cost about everyday life and some post song lyrics that they may like. Users use their online profile as a way to reflect themselves. Social media has also helped users to connect to people around the world and bring some closer to others then they were before. It helps people become aware of things tat happen all throughout the world, rather than relying on the news later that night to see it. They see pictures and news about events almost Immediately When the earthquake in Halt hit. People were able to the damaging effects right away. One person near the accident could tweet about hat Just happened and it would spread worldwide, making everyone aware. Social networking is connecting users everywhere, and spreading kindness and knowledge worldwide. It allows users to overcome the distance put between them, and lets them unite together. Sites allow people to connect with others that they wouldnt contact in person, but makes It easier through the site. It gives users a more open attitude about others and really allows them to get to know others, which they wouldnt have done before. A negative effect of social media is bullying. The number of children Ewing shipbuilder is creasing, as the social networking sites are becoming more and more popular. Accessibility can be sending threatening messages, positing embarrassing pictures of others, or spreading rumors. Accessibility Is becoming big because networking sites make It easier for someone to start drama, tell lies or say hurtful things, because nobody Is there to tell them to stop. Rather than a confrontation in person, users hide behind their computer screen and cellophane. With Just one click, an embarrassing photo or rumor can be spread to thousands worldwide. Social media has its good effects and its bad effects. Whether it causes users harm or brings them together is up to the user to let it hurt them or help them If people are using social media sites Just to stalk peoples profile pictures, make fun of them, post embarrassing stories about each others personal lives, or start networking to get to know each other, celebrate each others differences, and learn from one another, users could really make a positive difference with them. The effect that social media has on society is entirely up to those who use it and how they use it.

Change in Pressure and Different Depths in a Static Fluid Lab Essay Example for Free

Change in Pressure and Different Depths in a Static Fluid Lab Essay Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to devise a correlation between that of the data we have collected from our experiment and compare it to that of theory. In this experiment 3 different tests were done in order to test this theory. The first test was to tie a balloon on the end of a manometer and measure the pressure at different depths in a large beaker filled with water. The next test was the same thing, but without the balloon on the end of the manometer. For the final test a pressure gauge was used to measure the pressure at different depths in the water. The data collected from each experiment was the depth of the object and its deflection. To find out the theoretical pressure for the experiment this equation will be used: ∆P=ÃŽ ³H2Oà ·Depth The theoretical results will then be compared to the measured results, determining the correlation between both sets of data in order to prove whether or not this experiment is capable of proving the theory. Procedure: 1) Fill the cylinder with water and adjust the manometer to read zero. 2) For first test tie a balloon to the end of the tube that gives the manometer reading, and fill it with air. 3)Immerse the balloon in the water and measure the deflection at each specific depth (Try to get as close as you can to: 11, 9, 7, 5, 3, and 0 inches). 4)When finished with the first test remove the balloon and proceed to second test. 5) For the second test immerse the (balloon free) manometer tube in water, also measuring each specific depth and deflection. 6) For the third test instead of measuring with the manometer use a pressure gauge to measure your deflection (make sure you set the gauge to zero before testing). Calculations: Test #1 Example Depth: 3.5 inches Deflection: 1.7 inches P. Theory: ÃŽ ³H2OÃâ€"3.512=18.2lbft2 P. Measured: 1.712Ãâ€"ÃŽ ³ManometerÃâ€"ÃŽ ³H2O=16.9lbft2 Test #2 Example Depth: 5 inches Deflection: 2.1 inches P. Theory: ÃŽ ³H2OÃâ€"512=26lbft2 P. Measured: 2.112Ãâ€"ÃŽ ³ManometerÃâ€"ÃŽ ³H2O=20.8lbft2 Test #3 Example Depth: 3 inches Deflection: 1.8 ozin2 P. Theory: ÃŽ ³H2OÃâ€"312=15.6lbft2 P. Measured: 1.812Ãâ€"ÃŽ ³Pressure GaugeÃâ€"ÃŽ ³H2O=17.9lbft2 ÃŽ ³H2O=62.4 lbft3 ÃŽ ³Manometer ÃŽ ³Pressure Gauge=1.91 lbft3 Analysis and Conclusion: Overall I think results of this experiment turned out fairly well. From looking at the graph I noticed that as we moved on to the second and third tests there seemed to be less and less error. In general I think that human error had a huge impact on this lab. If we could have done a few trials for each test I think that the outcome of our measured results would be a lot closer to those of the theoretical results. What we were attempting to do with this lab was take the theoretical results of our experiment and get them as close as we could to the measured results with little percent error in order to determine if this test was reliable. By comparing some of the results I can safely say that this test is valid. Some of the data comparisons are far off, but others are within 2 percent error and I know for a fact that better results can be acquired.

Programming Languages: Types and Uses

Programming Languages: Types and Uses 1. Introduction C Programming is a computer language that is structured and disciplined approach to program design. Its a good systems programming language. This is faster than java, more predictable performance and it has low level operations and it has a lot scope for bugs. This C programming has no Boolean type . It is used by using int false is zero and true is non-zero A simple C program int main()Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer and it is used to describe the program #include Preprocessor directive tells the computer to load contents of a certain file allows standard input/output operations C++ programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of which must be main and Parenthesis is used to indicate a function . int means that main returns an integer value and braces indicate a block.The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces . printf( Welcome to C!n ); Instructs computer to perform an action specifically and prints string of characters within quotes.Entire line is called a statement. All statements must end with a semicolon.- means escape character. Indicates that printf should do something out of the ordinary.n is the newline character return 0; A way to exit a function. return 0, in this case, means that the program terminated normally . Right brace } Indicates end of main has been reached. Linker When a function is called, linker locates it in the library and Inserts it into object program. If function name misspelled, linker will spot error because it cannot find function in library. Calculator This is use very frequently in everyday life by almost everyone . In this calculator we can only perform operations like addition (+), subtraction (-), division (%), multiplication(*), only integer valued functions. We get accurate values too . 2. Scientific Calculator This calculator can perform all the operations that normal calculator can do and it can also perform the operations like Trigonometry: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Inverse^-1 Angles: DEG, DMS, Time Memories: M, K1, K2 Programs: LRN, COMP, HLT, (x) 3. C-Programming 3.1 What is c- programming ? A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks . The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, and Pascal. Each language has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special syntax for organizing program instructions. Regardless of what language you use, you eventually need to convert your program into machine language so that the computer can understand it. There are two ways to do this: compile the program , interpret the program . 3.2 Programming process 3.2.1 Analyze the Problem A programmer must know what information will go into the software, how it will process the information, and what will result. All software must work with three concepts to be successful: Input: Information that comes from an external source and enters the software an. Input can come from typing on a keyboard, from records in a database, or from clicking on image with the mouse Processing: Manages information according to a piece of softwares logic. Processing is what the software does to the input it receives. This can be anything from adding a few numbers together to mapping the earths climate. Output: The information software produces after it has processed input. Output can appear on a computer screen, in a printout, or in records in a database. 3.2.2 Develop an Algorithm Algorithms are the steps needed to solve a problem using pseudocode or flowcharts. After creating an algorithm, programmers will check it. A logic error is a mistake in the way an algorithm solves a problem. Programmers check their algorithms by inputting test data and checking the logic by hand or with a calculator. 3.2.3. Document the Program: pseudocode Pseudocode uses English statements to create an outline of the necessary steps for a piece of software to operate. Programmers call these steps an algorithm. An algorithm is a set of specific steps that solves a problem or carries out a task. While there is no set of rules for writing pseudocode, it usually follows rules such as: Using simple English, Putting one command on a line, Placing any important words in bold, Starting from the top and work toward the bottom, Separating processes with spaces to form modules. 3.2.4 Write Code for the Program Code is when a programmer translates an algorithm into a programming language. 3.2.5 Run the Program Programmers also use program flowcharts to plot the softwares algorithm. A program flowchart is a graphical depiction of the detailed steps that software will perform. Unlike pseudocode, which has less structure, in flowcharts programmers must use symbols. 3.2.6 Testing the programs Debugging the process of finding errors in software code. Bugs are a common name for software errors. When programmers debug code, they look for syntax, run-time, and logic errors. Syntax errors mistakes in a software codes grammar. If you are supposed to use a semi-colon (;) and you use a colon (:) instead, you have made a syntax error. Run-time errors mistakes that occur when a programmer runs the software code . Logic errors mistake made in the way an algorithm solves a problem. 4. Types of programming 4.1 Object-oriented programming Object-oriented programming (OOP) is any programming language that uses objects to code software. An object instance is an exact copy of an object in OOP. An event-driven language responds to actions users perform on the program. Its an event when you click on a button, use a pull-down menu, or scroll down a window. In an event-driven language, each event triggers the program to action. An OOP program models the world of active objects. An object may have its own memory, which may contain other objects. An object has a set of methods that can process messages of certain types. A method can change the objects state, send messages to other objects, and create new objects. An object belongs to a particular class, and the functionality of each object is determined by its class. A programmer creates an OOP application by defining classes. 4.2 The Main OOP Concepts Inheritance: a subclass extends a superclass; the objects of a subclass inherit features of the superclass and can redefine them or add new features. Event-driven programs: the program simulates asynchronous handling of events; methods are called automatically in response to events. OOP Benefits Facilitates team development and Easier to reuse software components and write reusable software. Easier GUI (Graphical User Interface) and multimedia programming . 4.3 Web-programming Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is the basic language for web programming. JavaScript a scripting language that allows you to add interactivity and other features to a Web page. Java Applets A small piece of software that enables applications to run on a Web page. Dynamic HTML combines cascading style sheets, JavaScript, etc., to bring high interactivity to Web sites. VBScript an interpreted scripting language based on Visual Basic. It is similar to JavaScript but only Microsofts Internet Explorer Web browser can use it. Software Development Tools Editor: programmer writes source code for te program. Compiler: translates the source into object code (instructions specific to a particular CPU). Linker: converts one or several object modules into an executable program. Debugger: stepping through the program in slow motion, helps find logical mistakes (bugs). 5. Array Group of consecutive memory locations and Same name and type To refer to an element, specifying Array name and Position number Format: arrayname[position number] First element at position 0 and n element array named c: c[0], c[1]c[n-1] Array elements are like normal variables c[0] = 3; printf( %d, c[0] ); Perform operations in subscript. If x = 3, c[5-2] == c[3] == c[x] When declaring arrays, specify: Name, Type of array, Number of elements arrayType arrayName[ numberOfElements ]; int c[ 10 ]; float myArray[ 3284 ]; Declaring multiple arrays of same type and Format similar to regular variables int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ]; Examples Using Arrays Initializers int n[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; If not enough initializers r there, rightmost elements become 0 and If too many are there then its a syntax error. int n[5] = {0} All elements is 0 C arrays have no bounds checking and If size is omitted, initializers determine it int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; 5 initializers, therefore 5 this iselement array Character arrays String hello is really a static array of characters and Character arrays can be initialized using string literals char string1[] = first; null character terminates strings string1 actually has 6 elements char string1[] = { f, i, r, s, t, }; Access individual characters string1[ 3 ] is character s Array name is address of array, so not needed for scanf scanf( %s, string2 ) ; Reads characters until whitespace encountered and Can write beyond end of arrays. 5.1 Interpretation interpreter = program that executes program statements and generally one line or command at a time for a limited processing and its easy to debug, make changes, view intermediate results. 5.2 Compilation translates statements into machine language and does not execute, but creates executable program to perform optimization over multiple statements in order to changing requires recompilation and it can be harder to debug, since executed code may be different. 5.3 Compiling a C Program Preprocessor macro substitution and conditional compilation of a source-level transformations and output is still C. 5.4 Compiler generates object file from machine instructions. Source Code Analysis is a front end parses programs to identify its pieces variables, expressions, statements, functions, etc. depending on language (not on target machine). Code Generation is a back end generating machine code from analyzed source may optimize machine code to make it run more efficiently very dependent on target machine. Symbol Table map between symbolic names and items like assembler, but more kinds of information. 5.5 Linker combine object files (including libraries) into executable image. 5.6 Sorting Arrays Sorting data is Important computing application and eventually every organization must sort some data into Massive amounts of sorted information. Bubble sort (sinking sort) has Several passes through the array and Successive pairs of elements are compared in order to increasing order (or identical ), no change is there If decreasing order is done and if elements exchanged. 6. Algorithms There are many fundamental problems that arise in engineering and other areas of application. These include sorting data, searching for specific data values, numerical integration, finding roots of functions, solving ordinary differential equations and solving systems of linear equations and We will spend about four weeks studying important algorithms for these problems. Algorithms are the steps needed to solve a problem using pseudocode or flowcharts. After creating an algorithm and its programmers check its logic. A logic error is a mistake in the way an algorithm solves a problem. Programmers check their algorithms by inputting test data and checking the logic by hand or with a calculator. 7. IDE à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Integrated Development Environment The integrated development environment Combines editor, compiler, linker, debugger, other tools and Has GUI (graphical user interface), Compiles + links + runs at the click of a button Helps put together a project with several modules (source files) . Compiler: checks syntax and generates machine-code instructions so that its not needed to run the executable program to run faster . Interpreter: checks syntax and executes appropriate instructions while interpreting the program statements and must remain installed while the program is interpreted so the interpreted program is slower. Platform independent . Load from the Internet faster than source code. Interpreter is faster and smaller than it would be for Java source. Source code is not revealed to end users. Interpreter performs additional security checks, screens out malicious code. 8. Preprocessor Directives #include Before compiling, copy contents of header file (stdio.h) into source code. Then Header files typically contain descriptions of functions and variables needed by the program. no restrictions it could be any C source code #define STOP 0 Before compiling, it replaces all instances of the string STOP with the string 0 Called a macro and its Used for values that wont change during execution, but might change if the program is reused. (Must recompile) . main Function Every C program must have a function called main(). This is the code that is executed when the program is running. The code for the function lives within brackets. main() { /* code goes here */ } Variable Declarations Variables are used as names for data items. And Each variable has a type, which tells the compiler how the data is to be interpreted (and how much space it needs, etc.). int counter; int startPoint; int is a predefined integer type in C. Input and Output Variety of I/O functions in C Standard Library. And must include to use them. printf(%dn, counter); String contains characters to print and formatting directions for variables. This call says to print the variable counter as a decimal integer, followed by a linefeed (n). scanf(%d, startPoint); String contains formatting directions for looking at input. This call says to read a decimal integer and assign it to the variable start Point . Can print arbitrary expressions, not just variables printf(%dn, startPoint counter); Print multiple expressions with a single statement printf(%d %dn, counter, startPoint counter); Different formatting options: %d decimal integer %x hexadecimal integer %c ASCII character %f floating-point number Examples of C-Programming *Program to implement an array #include #include #define MAX 3 void insert ( int *, int pos, int num ) ; void del ( int *, int pos ) ; void reverse ( int * ) ; void display ( int * ) ; void search ( int *, int num ) ; void main( ) { int arr[3] ; clrscr( ) ; insert ( arr, 1, 11 ) ; insert ( arr, 2, 12 ) ; insert ( arr, 3, 13 ) ; printf ( nElements of Array: ) ; display ( arr ) ; insert ( arr, 2, 222 ) ; insert ( arr, 3, 333 ) ; printf ( nnAfter insertion: ) ; getch( ) ; } { int i ; for ( i = MAX 1 ; i >= pos ; i ) arr[i] = arr[i 1] ; arr[i] = num ; } { int i ; for ( i = pos ; i arr[i 1] = arr[i] ; arr[i 1] = 0 ; } { int i ; for ( i = 0 ; i { int temp = arr[i] ; arr[i] = arr[MAX 1 i] ; arr[MAX 1 i] = temp ; } } { int i ; for ( i = 0 ; i { if ( arr[i] == num ) { printf ( nnThe element %d is present at %dth position., num, i + 1 ) ; return ; } } if ( i == MAX ) printf ( nnThe element %d is not present in the array., num ) ; } } *Program to allocate memory dynamically for strings, and store their addresses in array of pointers to strings #include #include #include #include void main( ) { char *name[5] ; char str[20] ; int i ; clrscr( ) ; for ( i = 0 ; i { printf ( Enter a String: ) ; gets ( str ) ; name[i] = ( char * ) malloc ( strlen ( str ) + 1 ) ; strcpy ( name[i], str ) ; } printf ( nThe strings are: ) ; for ( i = 0 ; i printf ( n%s, name[i] ) ; for ( i = 0 ; i free ( name[i] ) ; getch( ) ; } 9. Conclusion and future work Conclusion Finally the conclusion is that a small study on the C-programming and how it is used to built scientific calculator. Future work The future work is that to implement scientific calculator based on the c-programming .

Society’s Expectations of Manhood in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essay

Society’s Expectations of Manhood in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished In The Unvanquished, William Faulkner casts the narrator of the novel as an adult looking back on his boyhood. Early on, the author takes for granted that the actions he describes at the beginning of the story are recognizable to his audience as things boys do. Then, five pages into the novel, the narrator tells us his age at the time the story occurs, that he is a boy on the cusp of becoming a teenager. Using this narrative strategy allows Faulkner to view the Civil War from the perspective of a son whose father is a Confederate officer and plantation owner. Faulkner taps into southern society’s expectations of manhood in The Unvanquished. Regardless of the generation in which he is born, a man from that peculiar region below the old Mason-Dixon Line must be acquainted with at least some of the history of the Civil War. Faulkner apparently takes this tacit maxim for granted in the first few pages of his novel. We encounter two boys pretending they are in Vicksburg, Mississippi. We know they are not really in tha... Society’s Expectations of Manhood in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essay Society’s Expectations of Manhood in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished In The Unvanquished, William Faulkner casts the narrator of the novel as an adult looking back on his boyhood. Early on, the author takes for granted that the actions he describes at the beginning of the story are recognizable to his audience as things boys do. Then, five pages into the novel, the narrator tells us his age at the time the story occurs, that he is a boy on the cusp of becoming a teenager. Using this narrative strategy allows Faulkner to view the Civil War from the perspective of a son whose father is a Confederate officer and plantation owner. Faulkner taps into southern society’s expectations of manhood in The Unvanquished. Regardless of the generation in which he is born, a man from that peculiar region below the old Mason-Dixon Line must be acquainted with at least some of the history of the Civil War. Faulkner apparently takes this tacit maxim for granted in the first few pages of his novel. We encounter two boys pretending they are in Vicksburg, Mississippi. We know they are not really in tha...

South Africas Historical Complexity Essay -- South Africa History His

South Africa's Historical Complexity After having studied Cape Town, South Africa for the past months, I have had the opportunity to come face to face with a place whose culture and history outdoes most other places in the world. Their respect for their historical past and their want to preserve it is remarkable. In 1948, the South African government began to limit the freedom of black Africans. In fact, it was at this point in history that the government officially launched a system of apartheid. Given the fact that Cape Town is at the tip of continent of Africa, not only is the climate is very mild, similar to that of San Diego in the United States but it is actually bordered by two Oceans. On the left side of the city the Atlantic Ocean rests, and on the left hand side, the Indian Ocean. The temperatures between the two differ noticeable and this is even more shocking to believe because the distance between both coasts is within 5 driving minutes. As a result of this new system, under the leadership of Albert Lutuli and Johannesburg law partners Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela, the African National Congress organized a passive resistance campaign against the apartheid and issued the Freedom Charter. The government suppressed the movement and began to arrest the ANC leaders. In 1959 the parliament passed new laws extending racial segregation by creating separate homelands for South Africa ’s major black groups. With that being said, as a consequence, the two different Ocean coast catered to two different crowds. The Atlantic Ocean coast, with its perfect weather, beautifully white sandy beaches and sky blue water was available only to the white people. On the Indian Ocean side, even though the water was warmer, the bea... ...ica as a whole, we have been able to see the effects of change. The country has seen its share of troubles and yet they have come back on track and have improved as a country. What was once a racist divide within beaches has now become a safe haven for all people. And so in this case, climate and society work hand in hand. There was a time where the temperature of the air dictated who attended which beach. It is nice to see how time has the power to change all things and that despite the plateau of the weather in Cape Town, things change around it and set new perimeters with it. Websites The Weather Underground The Official Cape Town Website References http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html http://vlib.iue.it/history/africa/south_africa.html http://www.fyvie.net/photos/Travel/South%20Africa%20July%202004/content.html

Television and Media - MTV and Music Television :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Music Television    What do a teenager from Europe, Asia, Australia and the United States have in common? Young people around the world seem to like the same kind of things which includes music and television. They all share one favorite television channel -M.T.V. Music is the new global language; it talks to the youth worldwide. Let me introduce you the first international generation. They wear Levi's, shop at Benetton, wear Swatch watches and drink Pepsi. This is not to say that there are not any cultural differences, that the French teenagers are not different from the USA teenagers. However, a French teenager and U.S. teenager are much more similar to each than they are to their parents. The most powerful source of this global language is M.T.V. There are many international versions of M.T.V.: M.T.V. USA, M.T.V. Europe and M.T.V. Asia, M.T.V. Australia and M.T.V. in Latin America.    I can not say it is bad. I am the same age as M.T.V. I can not say that I do not belong to the M.T.V. generation. I am fascinated by the way M.T.V. brings the same cultural values worldwide. In this new brave world created by M.T.V., we all are sharing the same values. We wear what we see the celebrities wearing. We drink what Brithney Spears drinks. We wear T-shirt with M.T.V. logo on it, because we believe that is a way to express that we are part of this new global youth culture. And we are thankful to M.T.V., which is making a difference for us. We blindly believe that we are different from our parents, that we are better, freer. Yes, we got common language but our conversation is commercial one. The main topic is what designer clothes we want, what are the latest trends and so on. That is what we got in common - celebrities and fashion trends. We still share the old society's prejudices, we still got our gender issues, we are still are caring our race issues. And all that is brought to us by our beloved, lifesaving music channel-M.T.V..    When M.T.V. started out, twenty years ago, it looked like TV radio station, airing video clips, rather than news and show programs. Television and Media - MTV and Music Television :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics Music Television    What do a teenager from Europe, Asia, Australia and the United States have in common? Young people around the world seem to like the same kind of things which includes music and television. They all share one favorite television channel -M.T.V. Music is the new global language; it talks to the youth worldwide. Let me introduce you the first international generation. They wear Levi's, shop at Benetton, wear Swatch watches and drink Pepsi. This is not to say that there are not any cultural differences, that the French teenagers are not different from the USA teenagers. However, a French teenager and U.S. teenager are much more similar to each than they are to their parents. The most powerful source of this global language is M.T.V. There are many international versions of M.T.V.: M.T.V. USA, M.T.V. Europe and M.T.V. Asia, M.T.V. Australia and M.T.V. in Latin America.    I can not say it is bad. I am the same age as M.T.V. I can not say that I do not belong to the M.T.V. generation. I am fascinated by the way M.T.V. brings the same cultural values worldwide. In this new brave world created by M.T.V., we all are sharing the same values. We wear what we see the celebrities wearing. We drink what Brithney Spears drinks. We wear T-shirt with M.T.V. logo on it, because we believe that is a way to express that we are part of this new global youth culture. And we are thankful to M.T.V., which is making a difference for us. We blindly believe that we are different from our parents, that we are better, freer. Yes, we got common language but our conversation is commercial one. The main topic is what designer clothes we want, what are the latest trends and so on. That is what we got in common - celebrities and fashion trends. We still share the old society's prejudices, we still got our gender issues, we are still are caring our race issues. And all that is brought to us by our beloved, lifesaving music channel-M.T.V..    When M.T.V. started out, twenty years ago, it looked like TV radio station, airing video clips, rather than news and show programs.

Doctor Faustus Essay

Born in Canterbury in 1564, Christopher Marlowe was an actor, poet, and playwright during the reign of Britain’s Queen Elizabeth I. Traditionally, the education that he received would have prepared him to become a clergyman, but Marlowe chose not to join the ministry. After leaving Cambridge, Marlowe moved to London, where he became a playwright and led a turbulent, scandal-plagued life. He produced seven plays, all of which were immensely popular. Among the most well known of his plays are Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta, and Doctor Faustus. Marlowe was a great innovator of blank verse, unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. The richness of his dramatic verse anticipates Shakespeare, and some argue that Shakespeare’s achievements owed considerable debt to Marlowe’s influence. Doctor Faustus was probably written in 1592, although the exact date of its composition is uncertain. Doctor Faustus is a play of deep questions concerning morality, religion, and man’s relationship to both. England was a Protestant country since the time of Queen Elizabeth I’s father, Henry VIII. Sorcery and magic were part of widespread belief systems throughout Europe that predated Christianity. But as Christianity spread and either assimilated or rejected other belief systems, practitioners of magic came to be viewed as evil. In the fifth century CE, St. Augustine, perhaps the most influential Christian thinker after St. Paul, pronounced all sorcery to be the work of evil spirits, to distinguish it from the good â€Å"magic† of Christian ritual and sacrament. The view of the sorcerer changed irrevocably. As this new Christian folklore of sorcery evolved, certain motifs rose to prominence. Once Christ was rejected, a sorcerer could give his soul to the devil instead, receiving in exchange powers in this life, here and now. Numerous Christian stories feature such bargains, and one of the most famous evolved around the historical person Johanned Faustus, a German astrologer of the early sixteenth century. Marlowe took his plot from an earlier German play about Faustus, but he transformed an old story into a powerhouse of a work, one that has drawn widely different interpretations since its first production. Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus is first great version of the story, although not the last. In the nineteenth century, the great German writer Johann Wolfgang van Goethe gave the story its greatest incarnation in Faust. Faustus’ name has become part of our language. â€Å"Faustian bargain† has come to mean a deal made for earthly gain at a high ethical and spiritual cost, or alternately any choice with short-lived benefits and a hell of a price.

Compare and Contrast Essay on King Lear and Macbeth

Shakespeare had written many plays in his life time, some of them included various tragedies which included King Lear and Macbeth. All of Shakespeare’s plays had a theme which was used to help the story’s plot to advance further, making events much more interesting. King Lear and Macbeth both have a common theme of madness that is apparent throughout the play which has been depicted differently. They are both written in different ways but still share a same purpose. The essay will be broken down into three parts; firstly we will look at the way madness is viewed in Macbeth. Secondly, we will look at the way King Lear portrays madness lastly we will compare the two to see how differently madness is displayed. While both plays share this similarity, the plays differ by the way the theme of madness is executed. In Macbeth, both the main characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth begin to show clear signs of madness through alterations in their physical senses. (smell, sight etc. ) this is evident when Lady Macbeth hallucinates that her hands are still covered in king Duncan’s blood despite having washed then several times. Here’s the smell of blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. (Act 5, scene 1, 46-47) Shakespeare uses imagery to give a better understanding of what is going on within the characters mind. Here madness is altering Lady Macbeth’s sense of smell and sight, this tricks her into believing that King Duncan’s blood will never dissipate from her hands even though they are perfectly clean. Another example of the theme of madness that is characterized by Macbeth is found in act three, scene four, the climax of the play. Immediately guilt ridden from ordering the murder of Banquo, Macbeth reaches his pinnacle of madness; exemplified by his delusion of Banquo's ghost. Showing that he can no longer differentiate between reality and his imagination Macbeth shouts, Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee! Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold; Thou hast no speculation in those eyes Which thou dost glare with (III. iv. 93-97). Ross responds to him, What sights, my lord (III. iii. 118). The Insanity of Macbeth is shown in these quotes. Shakespeare's description of Macbeth's thoughts visibly reveals the theme of madness. Shakespeare portrays madness among many of his characters, and he returns to the theme again and again. Indirect characterization in the form of Lear's mad speeches allows Shakespeare to convey the theme of madness. For example one of Lear's first speeches after things started to go bad for him, Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are, That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm, How shall your house-hold heads and unfed sides, Your loop'd and window'd rag-gedness, defend you†¦ (III. iv. 35-38). Lear's insanity increases throughout the play, demonstrated to the audience through more speeches, until his emotions overthrow his reason at the climax of the play. Lear randomly shouts in to the storm, Rumble thy bellyfull! Spit, fire! Spout, rain! Nor rain, wind, thunder, fire are my daughters. I tax not you, you elements, with unkindness. I never gave you kingdom, called you children (III. ii. 14-17). The example of Lear invoking the storm to destroy the seeds of matter along with many other absurd statements illustrates that he has an unsound mind and it is made clear to the audience by his words. Shakespeare expands on the theme of madness in King Lear by Lear again using his words to express the reason for his insanity. The cause is the realization that his daughters Goneril and Regan do not love him. What finally pushed him over the edge was the cruel actions afflicted on him by the people that supposedly loved him. To such a lowness but his unkind daughters. †¦ ‘Twas this flesh begot Those pelican daughters describes Lear of the cruelty of his daughters (III. iii. 76,80-81). The character of Lear produces the theme of madness by expressing his own increasing insanity and reasons the reason for it in raving tangents. The style and depiction of the theme of madness are very different in both plays. Macbeth shows madness in the main characters with lots of imagery, giving a very physical sense of feeling towards the audience making them have a better understanding of what the characters are feeling. In King Lear madness is depicted through the main characters dialogue. This is meant to show the psychological turmoil going through the character’s mind which helps the audience understand why and what the character is doing within the play. In conclusion it is clear that madness was a very re occurring theme in both plays King Lear and Macbeth. However, the style in which the madness was depicted in each play is very different, in Macbeth madness within the main characters is shown through basic hallucinations through sight and smell, whereas in King Lear Shakespeare wanted the main characters to display madness through the dialogue. Both techniques used by Shakespeare were made to ultimately give more of an understanding of what is going on within the play. Both uses of madness are equally effective depending on which kind of play is written

Chemistry TAS Report Essay

1. Experiment Number : 10 2. Date : 18/01/2008 3. Title : Determination of the equilibrium constant for the reaction : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) 4. Aims/Objective : To determine the equilibrium constant for the reaction : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) 5. Introduction / Theory: In this experiment, the equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex ion, FeSCN2+(aq), is determined. Complex ions, thiocyanatoiron(III) ions, are formed from iron(III) ions and thiocyanate ions in aqueous solution : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) (1). see more:chemistry matriculation notes semester 1 The equilibrium constant for this reaction is:Kc = [FeSCN2+(aq)] (2) [Fe3+(aq)][SCN-(aq)] The product complex ion is the only one of the three species which has an appreciable color (blood-red). 6. Relevant Equations/Chemical Reactions Involved : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) 7. Chemicals : 0. 002 M KSCN(aq) 50 cm3 0. 2 M Fe(NO3)3(aq) 20 cm3 8. Apparatus and equipment : Boiling tube 5 Dropper 2 10 cm3 measuring cylinder 1 Lamp 1 25 cm3 measuring cylinder 1 Wash bottle 1 Safety spectacle 1 250 cm3 beaker 1 9. Procedure : 1. 0. 2 M Fe(NO3)3(aq) was used and 10 cm3 of 0. 08 M, 0. 032 M, 0. 0128 M, 0. 00512 M Fe(NO3)3(aq) were prepared respectively. The solutions were added by using 10 cm3 measuring cylinder to 5 clean boiling tubes in a rack as below. Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 SCN-(aq) / cm3 10 10 10 10 10 Fe3+(aq) / cm3 10(0. 2 M) 10(0. 08 M) 10(0. 032 M) 10(0. 0128 M) 10(0. 00512 M) 3. Tubes 1 and 2 were wrapped around with a strip of paper so that light was excluded from the side. 4. The solutions towards the lamp were looked vertically down to compare the colour intensity. 5. Some of the solution from the standard tube 1 was removed with a dropper until the colour intensities of solutions in both tubes were the same. And the removed liquid was put into a clean and dry beaker. 6. The depth of the solution in tube 1 was then measured. 7. Steps 3 to 6 were repeated with tubes 1 and 3, 1and 4 and finally 1and 5. 10. Observations : The colour intensities of the solutions in the two tubes being observed were the same. 11. Data, Calculation and Results : Height of solution in original tube 1 = 59 mm Height of solution in tube 1 having the same colour intensity as tubes 2, 3, 4 and 5 are : Same colour intensity as 2 3 4 5 Height of solution in tube 1 (mm) 45 35 28 23 12. Conclusion : The equilibrium constant for the reaction : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) was found to be 82. 1 M-1. 13. Discussion : 1. By M1V1 = M2V2, For tube 1, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 1 M For tube 2, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 04 M For tube 3, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 016 M For tube 4, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 0064 M For tube 5, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 00256 M 2. Concentration of FeSCN2+ in tube 1 = 0.001 M 3. Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 2 = 45 /59 = 0. 763 Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 3 = 35 /59 = 0. 593 Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 4 = 28 /59 = 0. 475 Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 5 = 23 /59 = 0. 390 Equilibrium concentration of thiocyanoiron(III) ions: In tube 2 = 0. 001 x (45 / 59) = 7. 63 x 10-4 M In tube 3 = 0. 001 x (35 / 59) = 5. 93 x 10-4 M In tube 4 = 0. 001 x (28 / 59) = 4. 75 x 10-4 M In tube 5 = 0. 001 x (23 / 59) = 3. 90 x 10-4 M 4. [Fe3+]equil = [Fe3+]initial – [FeSCN2+]equil = 0. 04 – 7. 63 x 10-4 = 0. 0392 M [SCN-]equil = [SCN-]initial – [FeSCN2+]equil = 0. 001 -7. 63 x 10-4 = 2. 37 x 10-4 M 5. Room temperature = 16 oC K = [FeSCN2+]equil / ([Fe3+]equil[SCN-]equil) = 7. 63 x 10-4 / [(0. 0392)(2. 37 x 10-4)] = 82. 1 M-1 6. There are few sources of error in this experiment. (1) Determination of colour intensity in the two tubes observed might not be accurate. (2) Taking reading when measuring the depth of liquid. Error estimation – When taking initial reading, error is + 0. 05 cm3. When taking final reading, error is also + 0. 05 cm3. Therefore, error is + 0. 1 cm3.

Memory Keepers Daughter Essay

Truth be told nobody is normal or perfect each and every one of us have our flaws, insecurities and concerns. In The Memory Keeper’s Daughter by Kim Edwards argues that . In life, there are many things that we can neither cure nor accept nor overcome; sometimes all it takes is one choice to determine the rest of our lives. One winter night in 1964, a Dr. David Henry makes a decision that will haunt his life forever. On a winter night in 1964, an unusual Kentucky blizzard forces Dr. Henry and his nurse Caroline Gill to deliver his own twins for his wife, Norah. First born is the boy, Paul, who is a visibly perfect baby. Shortly after, the baby girl Phoebe is born and is noticed to have symptoms of Down Syndrome. David cannot accept his baby girl because he does not want his wife to go through the same trauma his mother went through with the death of his little sister due to a heart defect. In a split second, David decides that the girl should be placed in an institution to spare Norah the suffering, and he asks the Caroline, the nurse, to take Phoebe to the institution. After Caroline left the Henry’s house, and seeing the horrible conditions of the institution, Caroline decides to keep the baby and raise Phoebe herself. David then lies to his wife and says that their daughter died at birth. This quick lie David Henry tells his family changes their life forever. The â€Å"death† in the family immediately causes a distance between David and Norah; David becomes infatuated with a camera that Norah bought for him while Norah turns to drinking. The distance between the Henry’s continues to grow even further while David and Norah aspire to do totally different things with their lives. David wants to become a photographer and tries to immerse himself in his work, he tries to ignore the resulting toll it takes on his family by viewing everything through a camera lens, almost†¦ We as people are in general very bias even if you don’t mean to be, you can be bias to the types of foods that you prefer, or to people who may or may not have mental illnesses. Life is filled with things beyond our control, and we must rely on ourselves to discover the link between suffering, joy and acceptance. There will always be thing that we can neither cure nor accept nor overcome; sometimes all it is going to take is one choice to determine the rest of our lives and The Memory Keeper’s Daughter by Kim Edwards proves this.

Analyzing the Psychological Effects of Epilepsy

Analyzing the Psychological Effects of Epilepsy   Julie LaMon Epilepsy is a chronic seizure disorder. The hallmark of Epilepsy is recurrent, unprovoked seizures. In the United States alone, there are around 100,000 new cases of Epilepsy every year (Sirven and Shafer). Epilepsy affects more individuals than cerebral palsy, cancer, tuberculosis, muscular dystrophy and multiple sclerosis combined (Fletcher). Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Rathus). Epilepsy is related to psychology because it has the ability to cause stress and anxiety, to effect the way epileptics interact with other people, and lastly it has the ability to effect moods and could ultimately lead to psychological disorders. Epilepsy can occur in both children and adults, and cause seizures that can be life threatening or even appear as just a blank stare. Seizures occur when electrical signals are abnormally transmitted; these signals then alter typical brain functions (The Johns Hopkins University). Generally, anything t hat disrupts the function of the brain, or the normal pattern of neuron activity, can lead to possible seizures or brain damage (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke). Scientists today are still trying to find answers to what cause some cases of epilepsy. The main reasoning for why epilepsy occurs, lie under the thoughts that  patients with epilepsy have abnormal brain wiring. While the indicators of a seizure may affect the body, the electrical currents that yield the symptoms happen in the brain (Sirven and Shafer). They also have discovered that an active variable in epilepsy is the imbalance of neurotransmitters, nerve signaling chemicals. The imbalance of neurotransmitters changes important features of brain cells, or channels (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke). In an interview with Julianna Macgregor, who was diagnosed with epilepsy in 2014, she answered questions about what provokes seizures. Although not all cases are the same, s he notices an increase in seizures when she is under stress. Research has shown that â€Å"90% of seizures are caused by stress† (Fletcher). Certain situations like arguments, heavy workloads, time deadlines, fears, and fevers make her and others more prone to seizures. She notices more seizure activity when she is not on a consistent sleep schedule. Macgregor also stated that her doctors stated her case was â€Å"not textbook,† so they are still determining a benign treatment. Seizure activity was found in her right frontal lobe and both temporal lobes. Recently there has been activity in her left frontal lobe as well. In the right frontal lobe, she experiences bursts which move to the motor cortex and cause her arm to twitch, which are known as myoclonic seizures (Macgregor). Psychologically, epilepsy has effected Julianna Macgregor. Once diagnosed she became stressed realizing the fear that she most likely will have this disorder for the rest of her life. She also i s constantly apprehensive of the switching of treatment and medication, because none of them are effective. Macgregor admitted to losing hope last year. Lastly, she admitted her struggle in accepting that she cannot do things that everyone else can do. Due to her epilepsy, she will not be able to get her license unless she goes one-year seizure free. Macgregor shared that she was depressed for a while and had to attend therapy (Macgregor). Julianna Macgregor explained that she currently takes 92 pills a week in attempt to control her seizures and is lucky to get through 2 days without any type of seizure. Her doctors continue to search for a beneficial treatment for her, but for now, medication and diets are not effective. In June of 2016, she was set to receive brain surgery, but the doctors concluded it was much too dangerous. Since Macgregor has apparent seizure activity throughout most of her brain, the risks were higher that surgery would only provoke more seizure activity in o ther sections of her brain (Macgregor). The different types of seizures are determined by which part of the brain is effected by the electrical misfiring. There are many types of seizures, but they can be divided into two major classifications: generalized and partial. Partial or frontal seizures occur when one or more areas are effected. People experiencing this type of seizure usually experience some type of warning signal (The Johns Hopkins University). Simple focal seizures may manifest in different forms, depending on what part of the brain is affected. Seizures are usually limited to certain muscle groups. The individual is not conscious during simple focus seizures (The Johns Hopkins University). Complex focal seizures usually occur in the temporal lobe. This part of the brain controls memory and emotions (Rathus). During these seizures, the person loses consciousness, but they might appear awake. They may also display uncontrolled behaviors such as laughing, crying, or s creaming. After the seizure ends, the person often complains of exhaustion or fatigue (The Johns Hopkins University). The four types of generalized seizures are petit mal, atonic, myoclonic, and generalized tonic-clonic, or grand-mal. Petit mal seizures last less than thirty seconds. Patients will appear awake but will blink/twitch. These patients are in a completely different state of consciousness (The Johns Hopkins University). Atonic seizures generally occur when a person experiences total muscle loss and becomes flaccid and unresponsive. Myoclonic seizures are when the person experiences quick and erratic muscle movement. Myoclonic Seizures usually occur several times within a 24 hour time period (The Johns Hopkins University). A generalized tonic-clonic seizure, or grand-mal seizure presents itself in five phases. Although not present in all seizures, a person experiences contraction of muscle, extension of muscle, tremors, contractions, and relax stages. After the seizure, the person might exhibit extreme exhaustion or may experience headaches, muscle aches, blurred vision, or diminished hearing (The Johns Hopkins University). After someone experiences a seizure, for the first time, they are taken to the hospital for precautionary reasons. Doctors are not able to consider patients for epilepsy, or diagnose patients with epilepsy until they experience a second seizure. In order to research seizures and to determine the source, potential patients go through multiple tests. Some of the tests include EEGs, MRIs, blood tests, and CAT scans. EEGs or Electroencephalograms are used to gather data about the brain a well as the patterns of brain waves. MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a procedure that uses large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce thorough images of structures within the body. CAT Scan, Computerized Axial Tomography, is used to check and detect abnormalities, such as brain tumors (Fletcher). Continuing research is concentr ated on developing new treatments. In biological studies, theorists believe that genes may influence or cause epilepsy. This may allow doctors to prevent epilepsy, or figure out the most beneficial treatments for their patients. Scientists also continue to study neurotransmitters, and how neurotransmitters interact with brain cells to control nerve firing and how non-neuronal cells in the brain contribute to seizures (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke). The psychological consequences related to a person with epilepsy is traumatic. People who suffer from epilepsy generally suffer from low self-esteem. Other emotional issues include anxiety, denial, depression, and anger. Epilepsy is not prevalent in individuals until a seizure occurs, therefore it is easy to hide it from others. Epilepsy effects families, schools, and employment. Generally, there are more cases of learning disabilities that occur because of medication prescribed or memory loss due to seizures. A person with epilepsy needs a strong support system involving the family, doctors, friends, and support groups within the community (The Johns Hopkins University). References   Fletcher, Sally. The Challenges of Epilepsy: Take Control of Your Seizures and Your Life- Third Edition . San Rafael, Ca: Aura Publishing Company, 2004. Macgregor, Julianna. What Are Certain Causes For Seizures? Julie LaMon. 29 November 2016. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS Epilepsy Information Page . 1 February 2016. 3 December 2016. Rathus, Spencer A. â€Å"Psychology: Principles in Practice.† Austin: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2003. 4. Textbook. Sirven, Joseph I. and Patricia O. Shafer. What Is Epilepsy? January 2014. 30 November 2016. The Johns Hopkins University, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins Health System. Epilepsy and Seizures . n.d. 30 November 2016.