Network Aware Adaptive Media Streaming in Mobile Cloud

Network Aware Adaptive Media Streaming in Mobile Cloud Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation (Author) line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2-name of organization, acronyms acceptable line 3-City, Country line 4-e-mail address if desired Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author) line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2-name of organization, acronyms acceptable line 3-City, Country line 4-e-mail address if desired Abstract—This electronic document is a â€Å"live† template and already defines the components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] in its style sheet. *CRITICAL: Do Not Use Symbols, Special Characters, or Math in Paper Title or Abstract. (Abstract) Keywords—multimedia streaming; mobile cloud; ranking; QoS I. Introduction In recent years, mobility of computing devices has caught the fascination and attention of many users all over the world. This has led to rapid advancement in mobile technology and now users can easily stream high quality multimedia content like audio and video on the go. A huge limitation to this, however, is the loss of quality that is incurred while transferring the data. Due to the mobile nature of the devices, varying signal strength can lead to packet loss which ultimately leads to the reduction in the quality of service (QoS). In addition, the memory available in mobile devices is relatively low. To overcome these constraints, data is stored and retrieved from a cloud. Cloud computing addresses the QoS related issues and reliability problems. The cloud has a large amount of storage space and computation power. Harnessing the power of the cloud, it will be possible to service the needs of multiple mobile clients simultaneously. Using the cloud, it is possible to allocate resources on demand and reallocate them dynamically. In order to stream data from a cloud to a mobile device, a coding and decoding architecture like H264/SVC is necessary. This architecture is an extension of the H.264/AVC. It ensures that the same quality of video that can be obtained using H.264/MPEG-4 AVC design on the mobile device. It employs spatial scalability and temporal scalability. According to spatial scalability samples of high quality data can be predicted from their decoded low quality counterparts. Using temporal scalability, the entire video is modelled in such a way that the motion is encoded as dependencies so that the picture for subsequent frames need not be encoded directly. In order to boost QoS, a technique called Bayesian-Gaussian method is used to predict the bandwidth available to the mobile user. Once the bandwidth has been predicted, the data is encoded using xuggler transcoding algorithm. To finally stream the video, multipath routing protocols are used and ranks are provided to each node to ensure that none of them have to wait indefinitely to be serviced. Following this, a comparison is made to the existing Bayesian technique proposed by Keshav[1]. II. Related Work A. Mobile Cloud Compuing A mobile cloud computing setup is one in which mobile devices outsource the computational power of the cloud. Data storage and processing are both performed outside the mobile device. B. Streaming Content C. Role of Cache in Real Time Streaming The role of the cache has been outlined by Wu et al[2]. When a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) request is sent by a machine, the cache memory is initially searched. In case a cache miss occurs, the original server services the request. D. Improving Quality of Service A number of different approaches have been proposed in order to ensure that the quality of service is maximized. One such method presented by Wang and Dey[3] uses a technique that varies the complexity of the content depending on the network. Non-essential data in a scene are omitted to accomplish this. Lai et al[4] have also put forth an approach to data streaming that depends on the network. Prediction of the bandwidth is done based on measured historical data. This will help prevent the wastage of bandwidth. It is also noted that the video format to be used is to be chosen. This is performed by a Bayesian prediction module. A third approach is detailed by Thuy An et al[5]. Enhancements are made to the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) in order to provide an overall better experience. The data separated into two categories and compressed. Lossless techniques are used to provide the best possible output. E. Ranking The various approaches mentioned in the previous section discuss improving QoS with respect to one user. But in reality, the cloud is simultaneously accessed by more than just one user. For this reason, it is important to ensure that there is some scheduling mechanism in place that will monitor the incoming requests so that no client request is forced to wait for too long without being serviced. Zhou et al[6] have proposed a novel approach in which all the competing mobile devices work together to minimize congestion. This approach aims to strike a balance between reducing the distortion in data and increasing the performance of the network as a whole. III. Proposed Work The proposed model has two major components: the mobile device and the cloud. The mobile device simply issues the request while the cloud provides a rank, predicts the bandwidth and then streams the video accordingly. The architecture has been outlined in Fig.1. A. Mobile Device The implementation of the mobile portion of the architecture is fairly straight forward. The user is provided with the option to specify the location of the video in the cloud server. Then, the cache is check to see if the requested data is available. If it is, the data is transferred directly from the cache. This type of cached data will be accessible offline as well. In the case where a cache miss occurs, the server is accessed to retrieve the data. B. The Cloud The videos that are to be stream are stored in a separate database. When a request is made, the video is streamed using the cloud. In order to do this, three major modules are implemented in the cloud. In the cloud, the users are ranked and then the bandwidth available is estimated. Finally, xuggler transcoding is used to encode the data and the encoded data is transferred to the mobile device for viewing. Each operation is handled by a different module as show in Fig.2. C. Bandwidth Prediction D. Xuggler Transcoding E. Ranking The ranking module is used to ensure that QoS is improved while transmitting the data. Once the bandwidth has been determined, the data has to be sent in such a way that the congestion in the network is as low as possible. Ranking is done based on the user profile. The user profile contains a history of the user’s downloads as well as the bandwidth measured. Poorly performing nodes in the system are identified using this ranking system and they can be enhanced to improve the overall functioning of the network as a whole. F. Channel Assignment Once ranking is done, multipath routing algorithms are used to transfer the data. Link states are determined and the several feasible paths are selected. Since several paths are selected, the chances of congestion and packet loss are reduced. The most suitable channel for transmission of the data can be determined by solving the linear programming equation Min (1) The process of selecting the best channel is shown in Fig. 3. IV. Output The proposed system has been implemented and its results have been compared with that of the Keshav’s Bayesian technique. It can be seen that the proposed system works better than Keshav’s system consistently. Comparative studies have been undertaken on the basis of bandwidth and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). A. Bandwidth The bandwidth predicted by the proposed system is a lot closer to the actual measured bandwidth than that predicted by Keshav’s system. The graph in Fig.4 clearly shows the deviation of both techniques from the actual measured bandwidth. B. PSNR and Bit Rate The quality of the video streamed can be determined based on the bit rate as well as the PSNR. The proposed system performs better than Keshav’s system on both counts. This is shown in the graph in Fig.5. C. Video Quality The comparative study only shows us how the system works in comparison to Keshav’s existing system. To determine the effectiveness of this system, a detailed study of the video quality was performed and has been summarized in Table 1. Conclusion It is clear from the studies undertaken that the proposed Bayesian-Gaussian technique works well at predicting the bandwidth available. The xuggler transcoding also ensures that quality is preserved. Thus, using a mobile cloud it is possible to stream videos without a loss in quality and also without forcing the user to wait for the video to load. Acknowledgment (Heading 5) The preferred spelling of the word â€Å"acknowledgment† in America is without an â€Å"e† after the â€Å"g.† Avoid the stilted expression â€Å"one of us (R. B. G.) thanks †. Instead, try â€Å"R. B. G. thanks†. Put sponsor acknowledgments in the unnumbered footnote on the first page. References The template will number citations consecutively within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use â€Å"Ref. [3]† or â€Å"reference [3]† except at the beginning of a sentence: â€Å"Reference [3] was the first † Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes. Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names; do not use â€Å"et al.†. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as â€Å"unpublished† [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as â€Å"in press† [5]. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6]. G. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, â€Å"On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,† Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955. (references) J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73. I.S. Jacobs and C.P. Bean, â€Å"Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,† in Magnetism, vol. III, G.T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271-350. K. Elissa, â€Å"Title of paper if known,† unpublished. R. Nicole, â€Å"Title of paper with only first word capitalized,† J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press. Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, â€Å"Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,† IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982]. M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.

A Little Bit Here and There Essay

I have taken 12 years of English in my past. My experience was good, I always felt like English was my strongest subject and I always enjoyed it the most because it gave me the opportunity to express myself with pen and paper. In high school I finished of the year strong graduating doing extra classes such as college writing. I would probably have to say it was my favorite subject because there was nothing I ever disliked. Even till this day I still remember some Shakespeare quotes I had memorized in high school from â€Å"Macbeth†. A major goal I would love to accomplish would be finishing college with a high GPA. I graduated high school in 2008 and have not gone to college because of my work schedule. I’m actually happy that I went through all the trials in my life because now I have so much more respect for school and I understand completely how vital it is to my success. My goal in college is to organize my life in a way that it would help me achieve the best grades as possible in school. I need to discipline myself in ways I never have before. I’m in college now to make a better life for myself and for my family. My major is Psychology; eventually I want to be a high school counselor. I’ve experienced quite a lot of things in my life that a normal teenager shouldn’t have experienced and I feel like I could use it as a testimony to help troubled teens overcome obstacles in high school. My goals for this semester is get all A’s in all my classes and show the world that you can achieve anything if you put 110% of your effort into it. I’m very excited to jump back into school. My goal for this class is to get back in the habit of writing again. I’ve always enjoyed writing a lot because it allows me to drift into my own world with my thoughts. There is no â€Å"ultimate† crisis with the world today because everything is messed up in my opinion. The crisis starts on how we live and our environment. American’s are one of the unhealthiest out of all countries. If we step back and open our eyes to what advertisements show our kids and families we’d be devastated. The sexuality expressed in it alone is wrong. Can you believe that some commercials relay that smoking or wearing a certain perfume will make you sexier? Some things about me that make me unique are: I’m the first to go to college in my family. My parents are both from Uruguay which is a very, very small country that not a lot of people know of. I played piano since the age of 8, first teaching myself then picking up lessons along the way. The title of the text book required for this class is The Little Seagull Handbook by Bullock & Weinberg. The mildest penalty for plagiarism is anywhere from failing the class to academic probation or expulsion. Unintentional plagiarism IS penalized. The final date to withdraw for this term is April 1, 2013. HCCS policy states that a student who is absent more than 12.5% (6 hours) of class may be administratively dropped from the class. If I log into Eagle Online regularly, it counts as being present but if I don’t participate in the weekly activities I risk being dropped. If I am not able to log into Eagle Online I am able to email you on your HCCs email account. The news discussion posting must be 250 words. Each comment on a classmates posting must be at least 100 words. The deadline for the weekly news discussion forum posting is 9 pm Sunday of that week. The Research Proposal is due February 4th. The Informative Essay is due Monday, February 25th. The Journal is due April 15th. The minimum word count for the Informative Essay is 1000-1250 words. Major assignments have to be emailed to the professor and uploaded into turnitin. It is very necessary to do both. I should comment on at least one of my classmates’ research topics with a minimum of 100 words. MLA format is the preferred format when emailing assignments. There is generally NO extra credit. Three documents that I’m required to read during week one are: â€Å"An Introduction to your Professor and your DE class†, â€Å"Myths of DE Classes† and â€Å"Online Etiquette†. Gaudi is one of your favorite architects. I wasn’t very familiar with him so I researched about him and his artwork is beautiful and very intriguing. One of my favorite structures would probably have to be Casa Batllo because of the uniqueness and detail of the building. Amazing. The last city you visited was Lihue in Hawaii. I found this pretty interesting because when I was younger I lived in Maui, Hawaii for about a year or so. I remember the beautiful weather, beaches, and exotic flowers. Your favorite musician is Olafur Arnalds. His music has so much emotion it’s beautiful. Being that I am also a pianist I can definitely appreciate this type of music. I definitely enjoy his music as well!

Fly-by-Night Case

Part A There were many signals shown in the financial statements and other exhibits in the case that represented poor cash flow through Year 14. The most obvious of them all is that the collectability of the accounts receivables was problematic. It seemed as if Fly-by-Night had a good system of collecting their sales on account from year 9 to year 10 as the accounts receivable number decreased during those years. However, the accounts receivable account increased by more than six times through years ten and fourteen.Because of this poor system of collecting accounts receivable, Fly-by-Night’s cash flow would suffer. The same can be said about the inventory account. Because the amount of inventory increased by almost five times through years twelve and fourteen, the cash would continue to decrease at the same rate. Another area of concern that affected Fly-by-Night’s cash flow negatively was their income from continuing operations. All of the companies’ expenses o n its comparative income statement had enormous increases from year 13 to 14.This was the first year that Fly-by-Night recorded a loss from continuing operations and it was a pretty big loss. This suggests that they paid too much to run their business. Some of the ratios presented in the case also suggests a negative flow of cash for year 14. The long term debt ratio dropped from 88% to 0% in year 14, which means that the company paid all of its long-term debt in year 14 and that would have a huge impact on cash flow.The quick ratio also had a major drop from year 12 to year 14, which indicated that the amount of cash and accounts receivable to cover its current liabilities was becoming a problem. Part B I do not believe that FBN can avoid bankruptcy by year 15. In the case, it states â€Å"As of April 30, Year 14, the Company is in default of its debt covenants. It is also in default with respect to covenants underlying its capitalized lease obligations. As a result, lenders have the right to accelerate repayment of their loans. Accordingly, the Company has lassified all of its long-term debt as a current liability. † The way the company is moving, it does not appear that FBN will have enough cash to cover these now current liabilities. The company has to implement new strategies in order to avoid bankruptcy. First of all, there has to be better communication between the members of the board. It says that Mather received a loan authorized by the board for $1,000,000 when later that month the board said it was unaware of this loan and that it never authorized it. Obviously there was fraud occurring when Mather was the CEO.With better oversight by the board, problems such as this could be averted. Also, FBN needs a better system to collect its accounts receivables. As said in Part A, the accounts receivable amount had increased so much in the past 5 years and that negatively affected cash. It is a misnomer that high revenue is the sign of success when re ally it should be how much cash the company has. That is why Mather was confused why there was a problem with cash and the reason was that the company did not pay enough attention to the cash flow statement.

The Deep Horizon Oil Spill Was The Largest Environmental

The Deep Horizon oil spill was the largest environmental disaster the U.S. has ever faced. On April 20th, 2010, the Deep Horizon oil rig had exploded releasing over 134 million gallons of crude oil and over four million pounds of gas into the Gulf of Mexico waters. The oil rig was owned and operated by off shore oil drilling company called Tans-ocean and subleased by a common oil company called BP. The well was located on the sea floor which is 4,993 feet below the surface and it extended over 18,000 feet within the rocks. The explosion was caused by surges of natural gas that had blasted through a concrete core within the Caspian Sea in September 2008. Even though this explosion was two years before the Deep Horizon rig explosion, it†¦show more content†¦Within a book entitled, Conserving The Environment, it is stated that; â€Å"Accidents involving oil tankers and offshore drilling platforms destroy thousands of fish, birds, and marine mammals.† (Woodward, 22) As a consequence, not only are just the fish affected due to the oil and gases but sea birds and mammals are as well. The reason why the oil and gas is affecting the animals so badly is due to the chemical dispersants within them which are known as Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527. These were applied to the oil at the surface to aid break up oil slicks as well as at the wellhead itself.. Stated within an article entitled, Gulf Wildlife In the Aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster Five Years and Counting, there are indications that the dispersants can remain in the environment for years. 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